Damage resistance and damage tolerance of a double-double fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminate to impact

Abstract

This article analyzes the damage tolerance after impact of an unconventional carbon/epoxy laminate (AS4/8552) of the Double-Double (DD) type tested with different impact energies and compares it to a traditional laminate with equivalent properties. Quadriaxial (QUAD) laminate has stacking sequence [0₃/90/±45]_S and the DD equivalent laminate has stacking sequence [0/-55/0/+55]_3T. These materials were subjected to the low velocity impact test (LVI) with three energy levels (30 J, 45 J and 74 J), the uniaxial compression test and the compression after impact (CAI). The objective of this article is to validate whether the proposed DD laminate can be a replacement for the QUAD presented, considering the behavior under impact. In addition to the comparative study, this article also has the objective of evaluating whether it is possible to relate the damage tolerance with the delaminated area, and for this purpose, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was performed, making it possible to measure and locate the damage found in the samples.

Keywords

Double-double low-speed impact damage tolerance residual properties

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Fengfeng

Liu

Leng

. Progress of shape memory polymers and their composites in aerospace applications. Smart Mater Struct 2019; 28(10): 103003.

Trzepieciński

. New advances and future possibilities in forming technology of hybrid metal–polymer composites used in aerospace applications. Journal of Composites Science 2021; 5(8): 217.

Puttegowda

. Potential of natural/synthetic hybrid composites for aerospace applications. In: Sustainable composites for aerospace applications. Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, 2018, pp. 315–351.

Hiremath

. Low cost textile-grade carbon-fiber epoxy composites for automotive and wind energy applications. Compos B Eng 2020; 198: 108–156.

Friedrich

Almajid

. Manufacturing aspects of advanced polymer composites for automotive applications. Appl Compos Mater 2013; 20: 107–128.

Armioun

. Sustainable and lightweight biopolyamide hybrid composites for greener auto parts. Can J Chem Eng 2016; 94(11): 2052–2060.

Wang

Narita

. Fabrication of potassium sodium niobate nano-particle/polymer composites with piezoelectric stability and their application to unsteady wind energy harvesters. J Appl Phys 2019; 126: 224501.

Peças

. Natural fibre composites and their applications: a review. Journal of composites science 2018; 2(66).

Mochane

. Recent progress on natural fiber hybrid composites for advanced applications: a review. Express Polym Lett 2019; 13(2): 159–198.

10.

Friedrich

. Polymer composites for tribological applications. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research 2018; 1(1): 3–39.

11.

Vermes

. Application of the Tsai’s modulus and double-double concepts to the definition of a new affordable design approach for composite laminates. Compos Struct 2021; 259: 113246.

12.

Muc

Muc-Wierzgoń

. An evolution strategy in structural optimization problems for plates and shells. Compos Struct 2012; 94(4): 1461–1470.

13.

Ntourmas

. Mixed integer linear programming formulations of the stacking sequence and blending optimisation of composite structures. Compos Struct 2021; 264: 113660.

14.

Ramos

CCC

Daros

. Stacking sequence optimization of laminated plate structures using the boundary element method. Eng Anal Bound Elem 2021; 127: 113–127.

15.

Kappel

. Double–Double laminates for aerospace applications—finding best laminates for given load sets. Composites Part C: Open Access 2022; 8: 100244.

16.

Shrivastava

. D and DD-drop layup optimization of aircraft wing panels under multi-load case design environment. Compos Struct 2020; 248: 112518.

17.

Tsai

. Double–double: new family of composite laminates. AIAA J 2021; 59(11): 4293–4305.

18.

Zhang

. Machine learning for accelerating the design process of double-double composite structures. Compos Struct 2022; 285: 115233.

19.

Tsai

. Composite Laminates: theory and practice of analysis, design and automated layup, 2017.

20.

Anuse

. Compression-After-Impact analysis of carbon fiber reinforced composite laminate with different ply orientation sequences. Int J Impact Eng 2022; 167: 104277.

21.

Braga

NETO

Jose

. Study of the mechanical behavior of low-velocity impact loading in the presence of stress concentrators. J Mater Eng Perform 2023; 32(23): 10783–10792.

22.

Nian

. Mechanical response and failure mechanism of composite laminates subjected to low velocity impact on free edge. Compos Struct, v. 306, 116617, 2023.

23.

Chowdhury

Sehitoglu

Rateick

. Damage tolerance of carbon-carbon composites in aerospace application. Carbon 2018; 126: 382–393.

24.

Duchene

. A review of non-destructive techniques used for mechanical damage assessment in polymer composites. J Mater Sci 2018; 53(11): 7915–7938.

25.

Wan

. Experimental investigation on the low-velocity impact response and the residual strength of CFRP tubes. Polym Compos 2024; 45(10): 8677–8693.

26.

Wan

. The failure mechanism of curved composite laminates subjected to low-velocity impact. Acta Mech Sin 2023; 39: 423113.

27.

Targino

. Damage tolerance related to the damage area of impacted carbon/epoxy composite laminates. J Compos Mater 2023; 57(19): 2985–2993.

28.

Cunha

. Low velocity impact response of non-traditional double-double laminates. J Compos Mater 2023; 57(10): 1807–1817.

29.

Arteiro

. A case for Tsai’s Modulus, an invariant-based approach to stiffness. Compos Struct 2020; 252: 112683.

30.

Tsai

Melo

JDD

. An invariant-based theory of composites. Compos Sci Technol 2014; 100: 237–243.

31.

ASTM D7137 . Standard test method for compressive residual strength properties of damaged polymer matrix composite plates. ASTM International, 2017, vol 1, pp. 1–18.

32.

ASTM D3410 . Standard test method for compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials with unsupported gage section by shear loading. ASTM International 2016; 15(3): 1–16.

33.

ASTM D7136 . Standard test method for measuring the damage resistance of a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite to a drop-weight impact event. ASTM International, 2012, pp. 1–16.

34.

Azevedo

CMD

. Development of a mathematical model to analyze residual strength of composites after low-velocity impact. J Strain Anal Eng Des 2018; 53(8): 738–745.

35.

Caprino

. On the prediction of residual strength for notched laminates. J Mater Sci 1983; 18: 2269–2273.

36.

Kalwa

. Ordinary least square regression technique for predicting wear rate of EN8 carbon steel. Mater Today Proc 2023; S2214785323014347.