A series of poly(N-vinylimidazole)/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization. This method is the first example of in situ polymerization of VI monomers within the montmorillonite layers for the preparation of nanocomposites at different clay loading degrees. N-vinyl imidazole was first intercalated into the interlayer regions of clay minerals by ion exchange reaction. Then, this organomodified clay was dispersed in the fluid VI monomers at different loading degrees to conduct the in situ polymerization. Polymerization through the interlayer of the clay led to the exfoliated poly(N-vinylimidazole)/montmorillonite nanocomposite formation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses indicated that the resultant nanocomposites exhibited exfoliated morphologies with homogeneous clay platelet distribution. The PVI/5MMT nanocomposite was selected for the calculation of the decomposition activation energy via the Kissinger method, due to its highest thermal stability. The results showed that activation energy values at both stages for the poly(N-vinylimidazole)/montmorillonite nanocomposite are higher than those of neat poly(N-vinylimidazole), indicating that addition of the clay mineral improves the thermal stability of poly(N-vinylimidazole).
VivillePLazzaroniRPolletE. Surface characterization of poly(caprolactone)-based nanocomposites. Langmuir2003; 19: 9425–9433.
3.
AlexandreMDuboisP. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties, and uses of a new class of materials. Mater Sci Eng2000; 28: 1–63.
4.
KiliarisPPapaspyridesCD. Polymer/layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: an overview of flame retardancy. Prog Polym Sci2010; 35: 902–958.
RaySSOkamotoM. Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a Review from preparation to processing. Prog Polym Sci2003; 28: 1539–1641.
7.
PassagliaEBertoldoMCoiaiS. Nanostructured polyolefins/clay composites: role of the molecular interaction at the interface. Polym Adv Technol2008; 19: 560–568.
8.
IshidaHCampbellSBlackwellJ. General approach to nanocomposite preparation. Chem Mater2000; 12: 1260–1267.
9.
BlumsteinA. Thermal degradation of the inserted polymer. J Polym Sci Part A1965; 3: 2665–2672.
10.
ThengBKG. Formation and properties of clay–polymer complexes, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1979.
11.
VaiaRAGiannelisEP. Structure and dynamics of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Chem Mater1996; 8: 1728–1734.
NasabRHMirabediniSM. Effect of silica nanoparticles surface treatment on in situ polymerization of styrene–butyl acrylate latex. Prog Org Coat2013; 76: 1016–1023.
14.
YalcinkayaEE. Polynorbornene/MMT nanocomposites via surface-initiated ROMP: synthesis, characterization, and dielectric and thermal properties. J Mater Sci2014; 49: 749–757.
15.
YalcinkayaEEBalcanMGulerC. Synthesis, characterization and dielectric properties of polynorbornadiene-clay nanocomposites by ROMP using intercalated ruthenium catalyst. Mater Chem Phys2013; 143: 380–386.
16.
PöppingBDerataniASebilleB. The effects of electrical charge on the adsorption of a weak cationic polyelectrolyte onto silica, silicon-carbide and calcium-fluoride. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects1992; 64: 125–133.
BöhmerMRHeesterbeekWHADerataniA. Adsorption of partially quarternised poly(vinyl imidazoles) onto SiO2 and Y2O3. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects1995; 99: 53–64.
19.
CabotBDerataniAFoissyA. Adsorption of poly(vinylimidazoles) onto silica surfaces. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects1998; 139: 287–297.
20.
OlsenCVan TasselPR. Polyelectrolyte adsorption kinetics under at applied electric potential: strongly versus weakly charged polymers. J Colloid Interface Sci2009; 329: 222–227.
21.
Roques-CarmesTMembreyFDerataniA. Study of the effect of small ions as a key parameter in the adsorption of polyvinylimidazole on silica and gold. J Colloid Interface Sci2002; 256: 273–283.
LingappanNKimDHParkJM. Water soluble graphene oxide/poly(1-vinylimidazole) composites: synthesis and characterization. J Nanoscı Nanotechnol2014; 14: 5713–5717.
24.
WangHZhangWShentuB. Immobilization of copper(II)-poly(N-vinylimidazole) complex on magnetic nanoparticles and its catalysis of oxidative polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol in water. J Adv Polym Sci2012; 125: 3730–3736.
25.
WangRZhuHGaoB. The catalytic activity of poly(N-vinylimidazole)/SiO2-supported metalloporphyrins in ethyl benzene oxidation. Reac Kinet Mech Cat2011; 103: 431–441.
26.
YaoKWangZWangJ. Biomimetic material poly(N-vinylimidazole)–zinc complex for CO2 separation. Chem Commun2012; 48: 1766–1768.
27.
RaySSBousminaM. Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites: in greening the 21st century materials world. Prog Polym Sci2005; 50: 962–1079.
28.
NguyenQTBairdDG. Preparation of polymer-clay nanocomposites and their properties. Adv Polym Tech2006; 25: 270–285.
29.
HussaınFHojjatıMOkamotoM. Polymer-matrix nanocomposites, processing, manufacturing, and application: an overview. J Compos Mater2006; 40: 1511–1575.
30.
KayaAUEsmerKTekinN. Investigation of temperature, thermodynamic parameters and dielectrical properties of poly(vinylimidazole)-na-bentonite nanocomposite. J Appl Polym Sci2011; 120: 874–879.
31.
UnalHIErolOGumusOY. Quaternized-poly(N-yinylimidazole)/ montmorillonite nanocomposite: synthesis, characterization and electrokinetic properties. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects2013; 442: 132–138.
32.
WilsonMJ. A handbook of determinative methods in clay mineralogy, USA: Chapman and Hall, 1987, pp. 26–94.
33.
CuiLKhramovbDMBielawskiCW. Effect of organoclay purity and degradation on nanocomposite performance, part 1: surfactant degradation. Polymer2008; 49: 3751–3761.
34.
DarderMColillaMRuiz-HitzkyE. Biopolymer–clay nanocomposites based on chitosan intercalated in montmorillonite. Chem Mater2003; 15: 3774–80.
35.
MeneghettiPQutubuddinS. Synthesis, thermal properties and applications of polymer-clay nanocomposites. Thermochim Acta2006; 442: 74–77.
36.
NguyenQTBairdDG. Preparation of polymer–clay nanocomposites and their properties. Adv Polym Technol2006; 25: 270–285.
37.
ChangJHUk-ANYSurGS. Poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites with various organoclays. I. Thermomechanical properties, morphology, and gas permeability. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys2003; 41: 94–103.
38.
JangJKimH. Copolymerization of the silane-modified polyvinylimidazole (1) as a metal corrosion inhibitor. J Appl Polym Sci1995; 56: 1495–1504.
39.
FodorCBoziJBlazsoiM. Thermal behavior, stability, and decomposition mechanism of poly(N-vinylimidazole). Macromolecules2012; 45: 8953–8960.
40.
JangBNWilkieCA. The thermal degradation of polystyrene nanocomposite. Polymer2005; 46: 2933–42.
41.
BocchiniSFracheACaminoG. Polyethylene thermal oxidative stabilization in carbon nanotubes based nanocomposites. Eur Polym J2007; 43: 2942–3222.
