Dynamic mechanical analysis and free vibration behavior in chemical modifications of coconut sheath/nano-clay reinforced hybrid polyester composite

Abstract

Naturally woven coconut sheath, a new natural fiber available in the form of woven mat is used as fiber reinforcement in polyester matrix. The hybridization effect of montmorillonite (MMT) on naturally woven coconut sheath/polyester composite has been investigated experimentally for free vibration characteristics using impulse excitation technique (IET). In the present study, naturally woven coconut sheath/clay-reinforced hybrid polyester composites were fabricated using a compression molding machine. The effect of organoclay addition (1, 2, 3 and 5 wt%), alkali (ATC) and silane treatment (STC) of the coconut sheath surface on free vibration characteristics were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the morphology of coconut sheath and structure of clay dispersed polyester. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were carried out to analyze the effect of surface topology on chemically treated coconut sheath. The mechanism of chemical modifications on natural frequencies and the resultant improvement in the temperature dependence mechanical properties have also been reported. Enhanced vibration properties are observed up to 3 wt% of clay dispersion in hybrid composites, then it gets reduced for higher clay (>3 wt%) content. Modal damping of the hybrid composite is influenced by the addition of nanoclay and the surface treatments of the coconut sheath. Experimentally obtained natural frequencies are in good agreement with analytical and numerical results.

Keywords

Naturally woven coconut sheath nanoclay XRD TEM and SEM modal damping

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Jawahar

Balasubramanian

. Thermal, mechanical and water barrier properties of clay-unsaturated polyester nanocomposites. Int J Plast Tech 9: 472–481.

Lan Tie, Padmananda

Kaviratna, Pinnavaia Thomas

. Mechanism of clay tactoid exfoliation in epoxy-clay nanocomposites. Chem Mater 1995; 7: 2144–2150.

Akelah

Moet

. Polymer-clay nanocomposites: Free-radical grafting of polystyrene onto organophilic montmorillonite interlayers. J Mater Sci 1996; 31: 3589–3596.

Bharadwaj

Mehrabi

Hamilton

Muruga

Fan

Chavira

Thompson

. Structure–property relationship in cross-linked polyester–clay nanocomposite. Polymer 2002; 43: 3699–3705.

Fornes

Paul

. Modeling properties of nylon 6/clay nanocomposites using composite theories. Polymer 2002; 44: 4993–5013.

Suprakas

sinha ray

Masami

okamoto

. Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing. Prog Polm Sci 2003; 28: 1539–1539.

Kornmann

Berglund

Thomann

Mulhaupt

Finter

. High performance epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci 2005; 42: 1815–1826.

Kornmann

Berglund

Sterte

Giannelisuang

. Nanocomposites based on montmorillonite and unsaturated polyester. Polym Eng Sci 1998; 38(8): 1351–1358.

Awahar

Balasubramanian

. Preparation and properties of polyester-based nanocomposites gel coat system. Journal of Nanomaterials 2006; 38: 1–7.

10.

Joseph

. Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Characterization, and Application, McGraw-Hill: USA, 2006.

11.

Buttloff Peter Dsouza Anne

Golden

Garret David . Epoxy + montmorillate: Effect of composition for reaction kinetics. Polym Eng Sci 1998; 41(10): 1794–1802.

12.

Hackman

Hollaway . Epoxy layered silicate nanocomposite in civil engineering. Compos A 2005; 37(8): 1161–1170.

13.

Asma Yasmin Abot

Daniel

. Processing of clay/epoxy nanocomposites by shear mixing. Scr Mater 2003; 49: 81–86.

14.

Vaia RA, Jandt KD Kramer EJ and Pgianaeles E. Microstructure evaluation of melt- international polymer-organically modified layered silicate nanocomposites. Chemistry of Materials 1996; 8(11): 2628–35.

15.

Paul

Wambaa

Jan

Ivens

Ignass

Verpost

. Natural fibers: can they replace glass in fiber reinforced plastics? Compos Sci Technol 2003; 63(9): 1259–1264.

16.

Sreekumar

Selvin

And Jean

. Effect of fiber surface modification on the mechanical and water absorption characteristics of sisal/polyester composites fabricated by resin transfer molding. Composites Part A 2009; 40(11): 1777–1784.

17.

Dipa Ray Sarkar

Das

Rana

. Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis of vinyl ester-resin matrix composites reinforced with untreated and alkali –treated jute fibers. Compos Sci Technol 2002; 62(7): 911–917.

18.

Weyenberg

Truong

Vangrimde

Verpoest

. Improving the properties of UD flax fibre reinforced composites by applying an alkaline fibre treatment. Composites Part A - Applied Science and Manufacturing 2006; 37(9): 1368 1376.

19.

Shibata

Ozawa

Teramoto

Yosomiya

Takeishi

. Biocomposites Made from Short Abaca Fiber and Biodegradable Polyesters. Macromol Mater Eng 2003; 288: 35–43.

20.

Cao

Shibata

Fukumoto

. Mechanical properties of biodegradable composites reinforced with bagasse fibre before and after alkali treatments. Composites Part A 2006; 37(3): 423–429.

21.

Das

Chakraborty

. Influence of alkali treatment on the fine structure and morphology of bamboo fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2006; 102(5): 5050–5056.

22.

Rahman

Mubarak

. Surface treatment of coir (cocos nucifera) fibers and its influence on the fibers' physico-mechanical properties. Composites Science and Technology 2007; 67(11–12): 2369–2376.

23.

Sethumadhavan

Theruvathil

Paruthapara

. Variation in properties of chitosan prepared at different alkali concentrations from squid pen and shrimp shell. International Journal of Polymeric Materials 2010; 59(4): 286–291.

24.

Kutlay Sever, Mehmet Sarikanat, Yoldas Seki, Gokhan Erkan and Umit Halis, Erdogan, (2010). The mechanical properties of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane-treated jute/polyester composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 44(15): 1913–1924.

25.

Sanjoy

Manoranjan

Smita

. Mechanical, thermal and dynamic-mechanical behavior of Banana fiber reinforced polypropelene nanocomposites. Polymer Composites 2011; 32(8): 1190–1201.

26.

Pradeep

Rakeshkumar . Reinforced effect of nanoclay in bamboo – reinforced thermosetting resin composites. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 2010; 49(2): 127–135.

27.

Chandra

Singh

Gupta

. Damping studies in fiber reinforced composites- a review. Compos Struct 1999; 46(1): 41–51.

28.

Antonio

Lazaro

Horacio

. Modal analysis on nanoclay epoxy-based fiber – glass laminates. Compos Struct 2008; 83(3): 324–333.

29.

Chandradass

Rameshkumar

Velmurugan

. Effect of nanoclay addition on vibration properties of glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites Composites. Mater Lett 2007; 61(22): 4385–4388.

30.

Chandradass

Rameshkumar

Velmurugan

. Effect of clay dispersion on Mechanical, Theraml and Vibration properties of glass-fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 2008; 27: 1585–1601.

31.

Mohan

Rameshkumar

Velmurugan

. Thermal, mechanical and vibration characteristics of epoxy-clay nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science 2006; 41(18): 5915–5925.

32.

Winowlin Jappes JT, Rajini N and Siva I. International Conference on Advancements in Polymeric Materials (APM 2011), 2011, 78.

33.

Yasmin Asma Abot

Daniel

. Processing of clay/epoxy nanocomposites by shear mixing. Scripta Mater 2003; 49: 81 86.

34.

D’Almedia

JRM

Aquino

RCMP

Montriro

. Tensile mechanical properties, morphological aspects and chemical characterization of piassava. Composites Part A 2006; 37: 1473 1479.

35.

Helbert

Sugiyma

Ishihara

Yamanaka

. Characterization of native crystalline cellulose in the walls of Oomycota. J Biotechnol 1995; 57: 29–37.

36.

Elenga

Dirras

Goma Maniongui

Djemia

Biget

. On the microstructure and physical properties of untreated Raffia textillis fiber. Composites Part A 2009; 40: 418 422.

37.

Sreenivasan

Ravindran

Manikandan

Narayanasamy

. Influence of fiber treatments on mechanical properties of short Sansevieria cylindrical/polyester composites, Materials and Design 2012. (In Press).

38.

Wang

Quan

Jinping

. Effects of the vibration parameters of a hydraulic, dynamic injection-molding machine on the properties of low-density polyethylene samples in a plasticating process. J Appl Polym Sci 2010; 117: 1208–1212.

39.

Sudakar

GNDS

Sekhar

. Identification of Unbalance in A Rotor Bearing System. J Sound Vibrat 2011; 330: 2299–2313.

40.

Wetzela

Bernd

Hauperta

Frank

Qiu Zhangb

Ming

. Epoxy nanocomposites with high mechanical and tribological performance. Compos Sci Technol 2003; 63: 2055–2067.

41.

Chowdhury

Hosur

Jeelani

. Investigations on the thermal and flexural properties of plain weave carbon/epoxy-nanoclay composites by hand-layup technique. J Mater Sci 2007; 42: 2690–2700.

42.

Velmurugan

Mohan

. Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites and Hybrids: Synthesis and Characterization J. Reinf Plast Compos 2009; 28: 17–37.

43.

Lei

Rui

Wang

Shujie

Zhang

Yong

Liu

. Vibration characteristics of glass fabric/epoxy composites with different woven structures. J Compos Mater 2010; 45: 1069–1076.

44.

Neilson

Roscoe

. On the vibration properties of composite materials and structures. J Compos Mater 1993; 27: 1598–1605.

45.

Manoranjan

Smita

Sanjoy

. Influence of organically modified nanoclay on the performance of pineapple leaf fiber-reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2009; 114: 4091–4103.