According to the existing theories and literature, body image worries, impulsive predisposition, and social maladaptation are identified as potential risk factors for the onset of eating disorder symptoms.
Aims:
This study investigated the association of body image concerns and impulsiveness with symptoms of eating disorders through the mediating role of social adjustment using structural equation modeling (SEM).
Method:
The current study’s sample included 200 individuals with symptoms of eating disorders in Iran, and they were selected by accessible sampling in a cross-sectional design. The Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and Adjustment Inventory – Adult Form (BAI-AF) were the measurement tools.
Results:
The study revealed a strong positive direct relationship between body image concerns and impulsiveness with the symptoms of eating disorders. Conversely, social adjustment was found to have a significant negative direct correlation with the symptoms of eating disorders. Moreover, social adjustment was shown to mediate the relationship between body image concerns and impulsiveness with the symptoms of eating disorders, exerting a significantly inverse role.
Conclusion:
These findings have important implications for interventions in psychotherapy and community-based programs designed for adults with symptoms of eating disorders.
BakerS.MaïanoC.HouleS. A.NadonL.AiméA.MorinA. J. S. (2023). Profiles of body image concerns and their associations with disordered eating behaviors. Appetite, 191, Article 107082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107082
5.
BarakatS.McLeanS. A.BryantE.LeA.MarksP., National Eating Disorder Research Consortium, TouyzS.MaguireS. (2023). Risk factors for eating disorders: Findings from a rapid review. Journal of Eating Disorders, 11(1), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4
6.
BartschD. (2007). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and associated clinical features among Australian university students. Clinical Psychologist, 11(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13284200601178532
7.
BellH. M. (1938). The adjustment inventory (adult form). Stanford University Press.
8.
BentlerP. M.WeeksD. G. (1980). Linear structural equations with latent variables. Psychometrika, 45(3), 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293905
9.
Brytek-MateraA. (2023). Prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in Eastern Europe. Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology/Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna, 23(4), Article 332. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiPK.2023.0041
10.
CarverC. S.JohnsonS. L. (2018). Impulsive reactivity to emotion and vulnerability to psychopathology. American Psychologist, 73(9), 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000387
11.
CarverC. S.JohnsonS. L.JoormannJ. (2009). Two-mode models of self-regulation as a tool for conceptualizing effects of the serotonin system in normal behavior and diverse disorders. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 195–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01635.x
12.
ChenY.GuoL.WuM.ZhangL.HeQ.ZhengY.WuL.ZhengH.ChenJ. (2022). Network analysis of eating disorders symptoms co-occurring with impulsive personality traits and negative mood states in patients with bulimia nervosa. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 899757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.899757
13.
Christopher WestlandJ. (2010). Lower bounds on sample size in structural equation modeling. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9(6), 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2010.07.003
DarunaJ. H.BarnesP. A. (1993). A neurodevelopmental view of impulsivity. In McCownW. G.JohnsonJ. L.ShureM. B. (eds.). The impulsive client: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 23–37). American Psychological Association.
17.
DashG.PaulJ. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, Article 121092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092
18.
DegortesD.SantonastasoP.FavaroA. (2018). Body image disturbances in bulimia nervosa. In CuzzolaroM.FassinoS. (Eds.), Body image, eating, and weight: A guide to assessment, treatment, and prevention (pp. 127–140). Springer International Publishing.
19.
DeYoungC. G.RueterA. R. (2016). Impulsivity as a personality trait. In VohsK. D.BaumeisterR. F. (Eds.). Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 345–363). Guilford Press.
20.
El-DenS.SchneiderC.MirzaeiA.CarterS. (2020). How to measure a latent construct: Psychometric principles for the development and validation of measurement instruments. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 28(4), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12600
21.
EngelS. G.CorneliussenS. J.WonderlichS. A.CrosbyR. D.Le GrangeD.CrowS.KleinM.Bardone-ConeA.PetersonC.JoinerT. (2005). Impulsivity and compulsivity in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38(3), 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20169
FairburnC. G.CooperZ.ShafranR. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00088-8
25.
FeltnerC.PeatC.ReddyS.RileyS.BerkmanN.MiddletonJ. C.BalioC.Coker-SchwimmerM.JonasD. E. (2022). Screening for eating disorders in adolescents and adults: Evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA, 327(11), 1068–1082. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.1807
26.
GarnerD. M.OlmstedM. P.BohrY.GarfinkelP. E. (1982). The eating attitudes test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12(4), 871–878. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700049163
27.
GarrusiB.BaneshiM. R. (2012). Eating disorders and their associated risk factors among Iranian population: A community-based study. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(1), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v5n1p193
GarrusiB.GarousiS.BaneshiM. R. (2013). Body image and body change: Predictive factors in an Iranian population. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(8), 940–948.
30.
General Assembly of the World Medical Association. (2014). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 81, 14–18. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25951678/
31.
GhadakzadehS.GhazipourA.KhajeddinN.KarimianN.BorhaniM. (2011). Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) for identifying patients with BDD seeking rhinoplasty: Using a Persian (Farsi) version. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 35, 989–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-011-9718-8
32.
GilanD.WernerA. M.HahadO.LiebK.FrankenbergE.BongardS. (2022). Acculturation and anger expression among Iranian migrants in Germany. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 715152. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.715152
33.
GriloC. M.IvezajV.LydeckerJ. A.WhiteM. A. (2019). Toward an understanding of the distinctiveness of body-image constructs in persons categorized with overweight/obesity, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 126, Article 109757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109757
HairJ.HultG. T. M.RingleC. M.SarstedteM. (2021). Premiere on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications.
36.
HarrisonA.SullivanS.TchanturiaK.TreasureJ. (2010). Emotional functioning in eating disorders: Attentional bias, emotion recognition and emotion regulation. Psychological Medicine, 40(11), 1887–1897. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000036
37.
HofmannW.FrieseM.StrackF. (2009). Impulse and self-control from a dual-systems perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(2), 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x
38.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
39.
IidaN.OnoJ.MizuharaY.NarumotoJ. (2023). The subjective assessment of work and social adjustment impairments and associated psychopathologies in Japanese adult female patients with anorexia nervosa. PCN Reports: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2(4), Article e151. https://doi.org/10.1002/pcn5.151
40.
JägerB.LiedtkeR.LamprechtF.FreybergerH. (2004). Social and health adjustment of bulimic women 7–9 years following therapy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(2), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00334.x
41.
JarmanH. K.McLeanS.RodgersR. F.Fuller-TyszkiewiczM. (2025). Measurement in sociocultural research on body image: Issues and solutions. Body Image, 54, Article 101922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101922
42.
JavidM.MohammadiN.RahimiC. (2012). Psychometric properties of an Iranian version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11). Journal of Psychological Methods and Models, 2(8), 21–32. https://www.sid.ir/paper/227396/en
43.
KeelP. K.MitchellJ. E.MillerK. B.DavisT. L.CrowS. J. (2000). Social adjustment over 10 years following diagnosis with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200001)27:1
44.
LaiF. D. M.IpA. K. Y.LeeT. M. C. (2011). Impulsivity and pathological gambling: Is it a state or a trait problem?BMC Research Notes, 4(1), Article 492. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-492
LatzerY.SteinD. (2016). Bio-psycho-social contributions to understanding eating disorders. Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature.
47.
LeppanenJ.BrownD.McLindenH.WilliamsS.TchanturiaK. (2022). The role of emotion regulation in eating disorders: A network meta-analysis approach. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 793094. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.793094
48.
LittletonH. L.AxsomD.PuryC. L. S. (2005). Development of the body image concern inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(2), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.006
49.
LittletonH. L.BreitkopfC. R. (2008). The Body Image Concern Inventory: Validation in a multiethnic sample and initial development of a Spanish language version. Body Image, 5(4), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.06.004
50.
LonghurstP. (2022). Incorporating positive body image in therapeutic practice: An overview of construct definitions, concepts and theoretical foundations. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 22(2), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12494
51.
LuoY.PlutaD.BrodrickB. B.PalkaJ. M.McCoyJ.LohrenzT.GuX.VannucciM.MontagueP. R.McAdamsC. J. (2024). Diminished adaptation, satisfaction, and neural responses to advantageous social signals in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 9(3), 305–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.10.010
52.
LydeckerJ. A.WhiteM. A.GriloC. M. (2017). Form and formulation: Examining the distinctiveness of body image constructs in treatment-seeking patients with binge-eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(11), 1095–1103. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000258
53.
ManikaG.HardikD.NeerajaK.SanskritiA. (2024). Understanding sample size determination in research: A practical guide. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 30(5), 13800–13810. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i5.6040
54.
MarcoulidesK. M.RaykovT. (2019). Evaluation of variance inflation factors in regression models using latent variable modeling methods. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79(5), 874–882. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164418817803
55.
MartinS.ZabalaC.Del-MonteJ.GrazianiP.AizpuruaE.BarryT. J.RicarteJ. (2019). Examining the relationships between impulsivity, aggression, and recidivism for prisoners with antisocial personality disorder. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 49, Article 101314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.07.009
56.
MaruyamaG. M. (1998). Basics of structural equation modeling. Sage Publications.
57.
MasynK. E.HendersonC. E.GreenbaumP. E. (2010). Exploring the latent structures of psychological constructs in social development using the dimensional-categorical spectrum. Social development, 19(3), 470–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00573.x
58.
MemarianM.LazurasL.RoweR.KarimipourM. (2023). Impulsivity and self-regulation: A dual-process model of risky driving in young drivers in Iran. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 187, Article 107055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2023.107055
59.
MeneguzzoP.TodiscoP.CalonaciS.ManciniC.Dal BrunD.CollantoniE.DoniniL. M.TenconiE.FavaroA. (2021). Health-related quality of life assessment in eating disorders: Adjustment and validation of a specific scale with the inclusion of an interpersonal domain. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 26(7), 2251–2262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-01081-5
60.
MerlottiE.MucciA.VolpeU.MontefuscoV.MonteleoneP.BucciP.GalderisiS. (2013). Impulsiveness in patients with bulimia nervosa: Electrophysiological evidence of reduced inhibitory control. Neuropsychobiology, 68(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1159/000352016
61.
MueserK. T.BellackA. S.MorrisonR. L.WixtedJ. T. (1990). Social competence in schizophrenia: Premorbid adjustment, social skill, and domains of functioning. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(90)90024-K
62.
Namadmaliani ZadehZ.Johari FardR.Talebzadeh ShoushtariM. (2025). The mediating role of self-concept in the relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and social well-being. Ilam-University-of-Medical-Sciences, 12(2), Article 37. https://jbrms.medilam.ac.ir/article-1-880-en.html
63.
NewtonJ.FreemanC.MunroJ. (1993). Impulsivity and dyscontrol in bulimia nervosa: Is impulsivity an independent phenomenon or a marker of severity?Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87(6), 389–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03393.x
64.
NgQ. X.LeeD. Y. X.YauC. E.HanM. X.LiewJ. J. L.TeohS. E.OngC.YaowC. Y. L.CheeK. T. (2024). On orthorexia nervosa: A systematic review of reviews. Psychopathology, 57(4), 1–14. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1159/000536379
65.
PattonJ. H.StanfordM. S.BarrattE. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768–774. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6
66.
PearsonC. M.WonderlichS. A.SmithG. T. (2015). A risk and maintenance model for bulimia nervosa: From impulsive action to compulsive behavior. Psychological Review, 122(3), 516–535. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039268
67.
PerronB.GillespieD. (2015). Key concepts in measurement. Oxford University Press.
68.
QianJ.WuY.LiuF.ZhuY.JinH.ZhangH.WanY.LiC.YuD. (2022). An update on the prevalence of eating disorders in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eating and Weight Disorders, 27(2), 415–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-021-01162-z
69.
QuadfliegN.VoderholzerU.FichterM. M. (2023). Outcome of bulimia nervosa. In RobinsonP.WadeT.Herpertz-DahlmannB.Fernandez-ArandaF.TreasureJ.WonderlichS. (Eds.), Eating disorders: An international comprehensive view (pp. 1–27). Springer International Publishing.
70.
RastegarM.HonarmandN. M. (2016). Field dependence/independence, impulsivity/reflectivity, gender, and Cloze test performance of Iranian EFL learners: A study of relations. European Scientific Journal, 12(8), Article 408. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n8p408
SaeediyānF.NiliM.-R. (2011). A study on the effect of assertiveness training on social adjustment and positive self-concept for head-of-household women. Clinical Psychology Studies, 2(5), 91–115. https://jcps.atu.ac.ir/article_2084.html
73.
SafiriS.NooriM.NejadghaderiS. A.ShamekhA.KaramzadN.SullmanM. J.GriegerJ. A.CollinsG. S.AbdollahiM.KolahiA. A. (2023). The estimated burden of bulimia nervosa in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990–2019. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 56(2), 394–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23835
74.
SattlerF. A.EickmeyerS.EisenkolbJ. (2020). Body image disturbance in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A systematic review. Eating and Weight Disorders, 25(4), 857–865. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00725-5
75.
SchaumbergK.BrosofL. C.LloydE. C.YilmazZ.BulikC. M.ZerwasS. C.MicaliN. (2020). Prospective associations between childhood neuropsychological profiles and adolescent eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 28(2), 156–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2721
76.
SchneidersA. A. (1955). Personal adjustment and mental health. Rinehart.
77.
SchuberthF.HubonaG.RoemerE.ZazaS.SchambergerT.ChuahF.Cepeda-CarriónG.HenselerJ. (2023). The choice of structural equation modeling technique matters: A commentary on Dash and Paul (2021). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 194, Article 122665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122665
78.
SchumackerR. E.LomaxR. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Routledge Academic.
SerdarC. C.CihanM.YücelD.SerdarM. A. (2021). Sample size, power and effect size revisited: Simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies. Biochemia Medica, 31(1), Article 010502. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2021.010502
81.
SeitzJ.Kahraman-LanzerathB.LegenbauerT.SarrarL.HerpertzS.Salbach-AndraeH.KonradK.Herpertz-DahlmannB. (2013). The role of impulsivity, inattention and comorbid ADHD in patients with bulimia nervosa. PLOS ONE, 8(5), Article e63891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063891
82.
ShafferL. F. (1936). The psychology of adjustment. Houghton Mifflin.
83.
ShokriO.SanaeepourM. H. (2016). Cross-cultural adaptation of a Farsi version of the Impulsive Behavior Scale-Short Form in Iran. International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture, 3(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.22122/ijbmc.v3i2.45
84.
SilénY.Keski-RahkonenA. (2022). Worldwide prevalence of DSM-5 eating disorders among young people. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 35(6), 362–371. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000818
85.
SminkF. R.van HoekenD.HoekH. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(4), 406–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y
86.
SoperD. (2021). A-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models [Software]. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc
87.
StankovskaG.MemediI.NuhiiN. (2021). Relationship between bulimia nervosa and psychological problems in period of adolescence. In PatelV.PreedyV. (Eds.), Eating disorders (pp. 1–23). Springer International Publishing.
88.
SticeE. (2001). A prospective test of the dual-pathway model of bulimic pathology: Mediating effects of dieting and negative affect. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.110.1.124
89.
StreukensS.Leroi-WereldsS. (2023). Multicollinearity: An overview and introduction of ridge PLS-SEM estimation. In LatanH.HairJ. J. F.NoonanR. (Eds.), Partial least squares path modeling: Basic concepts, methodological issues and applications (pp. 183–207). Springer International Publishing.
90.
Striegel-MooreR. H.SilbersteinL. R.RodinJ. (1993). The social self in bulimia nervosa: Public self-consciousness, social anxiety, and perceived fraudulence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(2), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.102.2.297
91.
SyskoR.OjserkisR.SchebendachJ.EvansS. M.HildebrandtT.WalshB. T. (2017). Impulsivity and test meal intake among women with bulimia nervosa. Appetite, 112, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.005
92.
TaheriA.MazaheriM. A.MoradiP. (2023). Eating Disorders in the Middle East: Iran. In RobinsonP.WadeT.Herpertz-DahlmannB.Fernandez-ArandaF.TreasureJ.WonderlichS. (Eds.), Eating disorders: An international comprehensive view (pp. 1–23). Springer International Publishing.
93.
TchanturiaK.HambrookD.CurtisH.JonesT.LounesN.FennK.KeyesA.StevensonL.DaviesH. (2013). Work and social adjustment in patients with anorexia nervosa. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(1), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.03.014
94.
TithR. M.ParadisG.PotterB. J.LowN.Healy-ProfitósJ.HeS.AugerN. (2020). Association of bulimia nervosa with long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality among women. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2914
95.
TylkaT. L. (2011). Positive psychology perspectives on body image. In CashT. F.SmolakL. (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (2nd ed., pp. 56–64). The Guilford Press.
96.
TylkaT. L.Wood-BarcalowN. L. (2015). The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006
97.
UzunianL. G.VitalleM. S. D. S. (2015). Social skills: A factor of protection against eating disorders in adolescents. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 20(11), 3495–3508. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152011.18362014
98.
VandenBosG. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. American Psychological Association.
99.
VasconcelosA. G.Malloy-DinizL.CorreaH. (2012). Systematic review of psychometric proprieties of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11). Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 9(2), 61–74. https://doi.org/dc5904fa916010211b0c23c7e0beba4eb365b4de
100.
Vaz-LealF. J.Rodríguez-SantosL.García-HerráizM. A.Chimpén-LópezC. A.Rojo-MorenoL.Beato-FernándezL.Ramos-FuentesM. I. (2014). The role of depression and impulsivity in the psychopathology of bulimia nervosa. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 7(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsmen.2013.06.002
101.
VenturiniS.MehmetogluM. (2019). plssem: A Stata package for structural equation modeling with partial least squares. Journal of Statistical Software, 88(8), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v088.i08
102.
WolzI.GraneroR.Fernandez-ArandaF. (2017). A comprehensive model of food addiction in patients with binge-eating symptomatology: The essential role of negative urgency. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 74, 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.01.012
103.
YanW.-S.ZhengD.-H.LiuM.-M. (2022). Trait impulsivity and choice impulsivity in young adult students with probable binge eating disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 838700. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.838700
104.
YuL.WuX.ZhangQ.SunB. (2024). Social support and social adjustment among Chinese secondary school students: The mediating roles of subjective well-being and psychological resilience. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 3455–3471. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S477608
105.
ZanellaE.LeeE. (2022). Integrative review on psychological and social risk and prevention factors of eating disorders including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Seven major theories. Heliyon, 8(11), Article e11422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11422
106.
ZhangS.DangJ.TaoY.LiuX. (2024). The profiles of social anxiety and impulsivity among college students: Differences in aggression. Current Psychology, 43(12), 10621–10630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05207-7
