Stewart'S Strong Ion Difference Approach to Acid-Base Analysis

Henderson LJ . The theory of neutrality regulation in the animal organism. Am J Physiol 1908;21:427.

Hasselbalch KA . Die Berechnung der Wasserstoffzahl des Blutes aus der frien gebundenen Kahlensaure desselben, und die Sauerstoff-bindung des Blutes als Funktion der Wasserstoffzahl. Biochem Z 1916;78:112.

Malley WJ . Clinical blood gases: invasive and noninvasive techniques and applications. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1990:118–119.

Severinghaus JW , Astrup PB . History of blood gas analysis. II. pH and acid-base balance measurements. J Clin Monit 1985;1(4):259–277.

Van Slyke DD , Cullen GE . Studies of acidosis. I. Bicarbonate concentration of blood plasma: its significance and its determination as measure of acidosis. J Biol Chem 1917;30:289–346.

Singer RB , Hastings AB . Improved clinical method for estimation of disturbances of acid-base balance of human blood. Medicine 1948;27:223–242.

Schwartz W B , Relman AS . A critique of the parameters used in evaluation of acid-base disorders. New Eng J Med 1963;268:1382–1388.

Jorgensen K , Astrup P. Standard HCO, its clinical significance and a new method for its determination. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1957;9:122.

Astrup P , Jorgensen K , Siggaard-Andersen O , Engel K. Acid-base metabolism: new approach. Lancet 1960;1:1035–1039.

Siggaard-Anderson O , Engel K. A new acid-base nomogram: an improved method for the calculation of the relevant blood acid-base data. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1960;12:177–186.

Siggaard-Anderson O. Acute experimental acid base disturbances in dogs: an investigation of the acid base and electrolyte content of blood and urine. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1963;66:1–20.

Shaw LA , Messer AC . The transfer of bicarbonate between the blood and tissues caused by alterations of carbon dioxide concentration in the lungs. Am J Physiol 1932;100:122–136.

Hickman J B , Wilson WP , Frayser R. Observations on the early elevation of serum potassium during respiratory alkalosis. J Clin Invest 1956;35:601.

Bunker J. The great trans-atlantic acid-base debate. Anesthesiology 1965;26(5):591–594.

More acid/base disturbances (editorial). Lancet 1963;2:1102.

Astrup P. Acid base disorders (letter). New Eng J Med 1963;269:817.

Siggaard-Anderson O , Engel K , Jorgensen K , Astrup P. A micro method for determination of pH, carbon dioxide tension, base excess and standard HCO3 in capillary blood. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1960;12:172–176.

Severinghaus J. Acid-base balance nomogram-a Boston-Copenhagen detente. Anesthesiology 1976;45(5):539–541.

Siggaard-Andersen O. Blood acid-base alignment nomogram. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1963;15:211–217.

Severinghaus JW . Siggaard-Anderson and the "great trans-atlantic acid-base debate". Scand J Clin Lab Invest Supple 1993;214:99–104.

Roos A , Thomas LJ Jr . The in-vitro and in-vivo carbon dioxide dissociation curves of true plasma: a theoretical analysis. Anesthesiology 1967;28(6):1048–1063.

Severinghaus JW . Acid-base balance controversy: case for standard-base excess as the measure of nonrespiratory acid-base imbalance. J Clin Monit 1991;7(3):276–277.

Emmett M , Narins RG . Clinical use of the anion gap. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977;56(1):38–54.

Figge J , Rossing TH , Fencl V. The role of serum proteins in acid-base equilibria. J Lab Clin Med 1991;117(6):453–467.

Figge J , Mydosh T , Fencl V. Serum proteins and acid-base equilibria: a follow-up. J Lab Clin Med 1992;120(5):713–719.

Fencl V , Rossing TH . Acid-base disorders in critical care medicine (review). Annu Rev Med 1989;40:17–29.

Stewart PA . How to understand acid-base balance. a quantitative acid-base primer for biology and medicine. New York/Oxford: Elsevier, 1981:186.

Stewart PA . Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1983;61(12):1444–1461.

Weinstein Y , Magazanik A , Grodjinovsky A , Inbar O , Dlin RA , Stewart PA . Reexamination of Stewart's quantitative analysis of acid-base status. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23(11):1270–1275.

Lindinger MI , Heigenhauser GJ , McKelvie R , Jones NL . Blood ion regulation during repeated maximal exercise and recovery in humans. Am J Physiol 1992;262(1 Pt 2):R126–R136.

Fencl V , Leith DE . Stewart's quantitative acid-base chemistry: applications in biology and medicine (review). Respir Physiol 1993;91(1):1–16.

Eicker SW . An introduction to strong ion difference (review). Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1990;6(1):45–49.

Garella S , Chang BS , Kahn SI . Dilution acidosis and contraction alkalosis: review of a concept. Kidney Int 1975;8(5):279–283.

Hodgkin JE , Soeprono FF , Chan DM . Incidence of metabolic alkalemia in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 1980;8(12):725–728.

Hoffmann E , Simonsen LO . Membrane mechanisms in volume and pH regulation in vertebrate cells (review). Physiol Rev 1989;69(2):315–382.

Roos A , Boron WF . Intracellular pH (review). Physiol Rev 1981;61(2):296–434.

Kassirer JP , Berkman PM , Lawrenz DR , Schwartz WB . The critical role of chloride in the correction of hypokalemic alkalosis in man. Am J Med 1965;38:172–189.

Schmidt RF , Thews G. Human physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983:336, 640.

Wang F , Butler T , Rabbani GH , Jones PK . The acidosis of cholera: contributions of hyperproteinemia, lactic acidemia, and hyperphosphatemia to an increased serum anion gap. N Engl J Med 1986;315(25):1591–1595.

McAuliffe JJ , Lind LJ , Leith DE , Fencl V. Hypoproteinemic alkalosis. Am J Med 1986;81(1):86–90.

Rossing TH , Maffeo N , Fencl V. Acid-base effects of altering plasma protein concentration in human blood in vitro. J Appl Physiol 1986;61(6):2260–2265.

Rossing TH , Boixeda D , Maffeo N , Fencl V. Hyperventilation with hypoproteinemia. J Lab Clin Med 1988;112(5):553–559.