Some specific guidelines and procedures for developing and implementing successful mainstreaming programs are provided. Factors discussed include: developing criteria for mainstreaming; preparing handicapped students; preparing nonhandicapped students; promoting communication among educators; evaluating student progress; and providing inservice training.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlbertoP. A., & TroutmanA. C.Applied behavior analysis for teachers. Columbus OH: Charles E. Merrill, 1982.
2.
AlexanderC., & StrainP. S.A review of educators' attitudes towards handicapped children and the concept of mainstreaming. Psychology in the Schools, 197815, 390–396.
3.
BirchJ. W.Mainstreaming: Educable mentally retarded children in regular classes. Reston VA: The Council for Exceptional Children, 1974.
4.
BirchJ. W.Mainstreaming: Definition, development and characteristics. In JordanJ. B. (Ed.), Teacher, please don't close the door. Reston VA: The Council for Exceptional Children, 1976.
5.
BriganceA. H.Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Essential Skills. N. Billerica MA: Curriculum Associates, 1980.
BudoffM., & GottliebJ.Special class EMR children mainstreamed: A study of an aptitude (learning potential) x treatment interaction. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1976, 81, 1–11.
10.
CantrellR. P., & CantrellM. L.Preventive mainstreaming: Impact of a supportive services program on pupils. Exceptional Children, 1976, 42, 381–386.
11.
CarlbergC., & KavaleK.The efficacy of special versus regular class placements for exceptional children: A meta-analysis. Journal of Special Education, 1980, 14, 295–309.
12.
CarlsonL. B., & PotterR. E.Training classroom teachers to provide in-class educational services for exceptional children in rural areas. Journal of School Psychology, 1972, 10, 147–150.
13.
CartledgeG., & MilburnJ. F.The case for teaching social skills in the classroom: A review. Review of Educational Research, 1978, 48, 133–156.
14.
ChristieL. S.McKenzieH. S., & BurdettC. S.The consulting teacher approach to special education: Inservice training for regular classroom teachers. Focus on Exceptional Children, 1972, 4, 1–10.
15.
ChristopherR., & RenzP. A.A critical examination of special education programs. Journal of Special Education, 1969, 3, 371–380.
16.
CloreG. L., & JeffreyK. M.Emotional role playing, attitude change and attraction toward a disabled person. Journal of Personality and School Psychology, 1972, 23, 105–111.
17.
DonaldsonJ.Changing attitudes toward handicapped persons: A review and analysis of research. Exceptional Children, 1980, 46, 504–512.
GicklingE. E., & TheoboldJ. T.Mainstreaming: Affect or effect. Journal of Special Education, 1975, 9, 317–328.
26.
GlavinJ. P.Follow-up research in resource rooms. Exceptional Children, 1973, 40, 211–213.
27.
GoodmanG.From residential treatment to community based education: A model for reintegration. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded, 1979, 14, 95–100.
28.
GoodmanH.GottliebJ., & HarrisonR. H.Social acceptance of EMR's integrated into a nongraded elementary school. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1972, 76, 412–417.
29.
GottliebJ.Improving attitudes toward retarded children by using group discussion. Exceptional Children, 1980, 47, 106–111.
30.
GottliebJ.Mainstreaming: Fulfilling the promise?American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1981, 86, 115–126.
31.
GottliebJ.GampelD. H., & BudoffM.Classroom behavior of retarded children before and after integration into regular classes. Journal of Special Education, 1975, 9, 307–315.
32.
GottliebJ.SemmelM. I., & VeldmanD. J.Correlates of social status among mainstreamed mentally retarded children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1978, 70, 396–405.
33.
GreshamF. M.Misguided mainstreaming: The case for social skills training with handicapped children. Exceptional Children, 1982, 48, 422–433.
34.
GrosenickJ. K.Integration of exceptional children into regular classes: Research and procedure. Focus on Exceptional Children, 1971, 3, 1–9.
35.
GuerinG. R., & SzatlockyK.Integration program for the mildly retarded. Exceptional Children, 1974, 41, 173–179.
36.
HarasymiwJ. J., & HorneM. D.Teacher attitudes toward handicapped children and regular class integration. Journal of Special Education, 1976, 10, 393–401.
37.
HaringN. G., & KrugD. A.Placement in regular programs: Procedures and results. Exceptional Children, 1975, 41, 413–417.
38.
HobenM.Toward integration in the mainstream. Exceptional Children, 1980, 47, 100–105.
39.
HundertJ.Some considerations of planning the integration of handicapped children into the mainstream. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1982, 15, 73–80.
40.
Idol-MaestasL. A.A teacher training model: The resource/consulting teacher. Behavioral Disorders, 1981, 6, 108–121.
41.
JenkinsJ. R., & MayhallW. F.Development and evaluation of a resource teacher program. Exceptional Children, 1976, 42, 19–21.
42.
JohnsonD. W., & JohnsonR. T.Integrating handicapped students into the mainstream. Exceptional Children, 1980, 47, 90–98.
43.
JonesT. W.SowellV. M.JonesJ. K., & ButlerG.Changing children's perceptions of handicapped people. Exceptional children. 1981, 47, 365–368.
44.
KauffmanJ. M., & HallahanD. P. (Eds.). Handbook of special education. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.
45.
KaufmanM. J.GottliebJ.AgardJ. A., & KukicM. B.Mainstreaming: Towards an explication of the construct. Focus on Exceptional Children, 1975, 7, 1–12.
KunzweilerC. E.Mainstreaming—will it really work?Education, 1979, 99, 233–235.
48.
LaurieT. E.BuchwachL.SilvermanR., & ZigmondN.Teaching secondary learning disabled students in the mainstream. Learning Disability Quarterly, 1978, 1, 62–72.
49.
LazarA. L.OrpetR., & DemosG.The impact of class instruction on changing student attitudes. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 1976, 20, 66–68.
50.
LedeberJ., & AzzaraC.Mainstreaming for emotionally disturbed students. Paper presented at the annual convention of The Council for Exceptional Children, Philadelphia, April 1980.
51.
LillyM. S.A training based model for special education. Exceptional Children, 1971, 37, 745–749.
52.
LittonF. W.BanburyM. M., & HarrisK.Materials for educating nonhandicapped students about their handicapped peers. TEACHING Exceptional Children, 1980, 13, 39–43.
53.
LovittT. C.Operant conditioning techniques for children wih learning disabilities. In KirkS. A. and McCarthyJ. M. (Eds.), Learning disabilities: Selected ACLD papers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975.
54.
MacMillanD. L.JonesR. L., & AloiaG. F.The mentally retarded label: A review of research and theoretical analysis. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1974, 79, 241–261.
55.
MacMillanD. L.JonesR. L., & MeyersC. E.Mainstreaming the mildly retarded: Some questions, cautions and guidelines. Mental Retardation, 1976, 14, 3–11.
56.
MacMillanD. L., & SemmelM. I.Evaluation of mainstreaming programs. Focus on Exceptional Children, 1977, 9, 1–14.
57.
MacyD. J., & CarterJ. L.Comparison of a mainstream and self-contained special education program. Journal of Special Education, 1978, 12, 303–313.
58.
MannP.Shared responsibility for handicapped students: Advocacy and programming. Coral Gables FL: The University of Miami Training and Technical Assistance Center, 1976.
59.
McKenzieH.Special education and consulting teachers. In ClarkF. W.EvansD. R., & HamerlynckL. A. (Eds.), Implementing behavioral programs for schools and clinics. Champaign IL: Research Press, 1972.
60.
MeichenbaumD.Cognitive behavior modification with exceptional children: A promise yet unfulfilled. Exceptional Education Quarterly, 1980, 1, 83–88.
61.
MillerT. L., & SabatinoD. A.An evaluation of the teacher consultant model as an approach to mainstreaming. Exceptional Children, 1978, 45, 86–91.
62.
National Advisory Committee on the Handicapped.The unfinished revolution, education for the handicapped. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.
63.
NoarM., & MilgramR. M.Two preservice strategies for preparing regular class teachers for mainstreaming. Exceptional Children, 1980, 47, 126–127.
64.
O'LearyK. D.PoulousR. W., & DevineV. T.Tangible reinforcers: Bonuses or bribes?Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972, 38, 1–8.
65.
PalmerD. J.Factors to be considered in placing handicapped children in regular education classes. Journal of School Psychology, 1980, 18, 163–171.
66.
ParishT. S.OhlsenR. L., & ParishJ. G.A look at mainstreaming in light of children's attitudes toward the handicapped. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1978, 46, 1019–1021.
ReddenM. R., & BlackhurstA. E.Mainstreaming competency specifications for elementary teachers. Exceptional Children, 1978, 44, 615–617.
70.
ReichC.HambletonD., & HouldinB. K.The integration of hearing impaired children in regular classrooms. American Annals of the Deaf, 1977, 122, 534–543.
71.
RitterD. R.Surviving in the regular classroom: A follow-up of mainstreamed children with learning disabilities. Journal of School Psychology, 1978, 16, 253–256.
72.
SalendS. J., Project STREAM: A peer based inservice program. In BurelloL. (Ed.), What works in inservice. Bloomington IN: National Inservice Network, 1980, 95–98.
73.
SalendS. J., & HankeeC.Successful mainstreaming: A form of communication. Education Unlimited, 1981, 3, 47–48.
74.
SalendS. J., & HenryK.Response cost in mainstreamed settings. Journal of School Psychology, 1981, 19, 242–249.
SalendS. J., & LutzJ. G.Mainstreaming or mainlining: A competency based approach to mainstreaming. Journal of Learning Disabilities, in press.
77.
SalendS. J., & MoeL.Modifying nonhandicapped students' attitudes toward their handicapped peers through children's literature. Journal for Special Educators, 1983, 19, 22–28.
78.
SalendS. J., & VigliantiD.Preparing secondary students for the mainstream. TEACHING Exceptional Children, 1982, 14, 137–140.
79.
ShotelJ. R.IanoR. P., & McGettiganJ. F.Teacher attitude associated with the integration of handicapped children. Exceptional Children, 1972, 38, 677–683.
80.
StephensT. M., & BraunB. L.Measures of regular classroom teachers' attitudes toward handicapped children. Exceptional Children, 1980, 46, 292–294.
81.
StokesS., & AxelrodP.Staff support teams: Critical variables. In BurelloL. (Ed.), What works in inservice. Bloomington IN: National Inservice Network, 1980, 15–23.
82.
StrainP. S.ShoresR. E., & TimmM. A.Effects of peer social initiations on the behavior of withdrawn preschool children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1977, 10, 289–298.
Tymitz-WolfB. L.Extending the scope of inservice training for mainstreaming effectiveness. Teacher Education and Special Education, 1982, 5, 17–23.
85.
WallaceG., & LarsenS. C.Educational assessment of learning problems: Testing for teaching. Boston MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1978.
86.
WesterveltV. D., & McKinneyJ. D.Effects of a film on nonhandicapped children's attitudes toward the handicapped. Exceptional Children, 1980, 46, 294–296.
87.
WilkesH. H.BireleyJ. K., & SchultzJ. J.Criteria for mainstreaming the learning disabled child into the regular classes. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1979, 12, 46–51.
88.
YatesJ. R.A model for preparing regular classroom teachers for mainstreaming. Exceptional Children, 1973, 39, 471–472.
89.
YerxaE. J.The effects of a dyadic, self-administered instructional program in changing attitudes of female college students toward physically handicapped persons. Dissertation Abstracts, 1971, 32, (4-A), 1931–1932.
90.
ZiglerE., & MuenchowS.Mainstreaming: The proof is in the implementation. American Psychologist, 1979, 34, 993–996.