As our world is becoming increasingly globalized, education — being part of the social sphere — cannot remain unaffected. This article explores the impact that the intermingling of culturally mixed populations and of diverse worldviews has on learning in postindustrial societies. Having reviewed the educational approaches that have so far ineffectively endeavoured to deal with Otherness, this article proposes the application of the ‘critical interculturalist approach’ — an approach that challenges the excluding patterns in postindustrial globalized societies, while at the same time building on globalization’s potential for generating a more pluralistic and inclusive society.
Allman, P. and Wallis, J. ( 1995) ‘Challenging the Post-Modern Condition: Radical Adult Education for Critical Intelligence’, in M. Mayo and J. Thompson (eds) Adult Learning, Critical Intelligence and Social Change. Leicester: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE).
2.
Arshad, R. ( 1999) ‘Making Racism Visible: An Agenda for an Anti-Racist Scotland’, in J. Crowther, I. Martin and M. Saw (eds) Popular Education and Social Movements in Scotland Today. Leicester: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE).
3.
Banks, J. ( 2006) Race, Culture, and Education: The Selected Works of James A. Banks. London: Routledge.
4.
Banton, M. ( 1988) Racial Consciousness. Harlow: Longman.
5.
Barr, J. ( 1999) ‘Women, Adult Education and Really Useful Knowledge’ , in J. Crowther, I. Martin and M. Saw (eds) Popular Education and Social Movements in Scotland Today. Leicester: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE).
6.
Beck, U. ( 2002) ‘The Cosmopolitan Society and its Enemies’, Theory, Culture and Society19(1/2): 17-44.
7.
Byram, M. ( 1997) Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence . Clevedon: Multilingual Matters .
8.
Carter, A. ( 2001) The Political Theory of Global Citizenship. London: Routledge.
9.
Castells, M. ( 1998) End of Millennium. Oxford: Blackwell.
10.
Castles, S. and Davidson, A. ( 2000) Citizenship and Migration: Globalization and the Politics of Belonging. London: Macmillan .
11.
Corbett, J. ( 2003) An Intercultural Approach to English Language Teaching . Clevedon: Multilingual Matters .
12.
Coulby, D. ( 2006) ‘Intercultural Education: Theory and Practice’ , Interculturalist Education17(3): 245-57.
13.
Eurydice European Unit (2004) Integrating Immigrant Children into Schools in Europe. Brussels: Eurydice/European Commission.
14.
Freire, P. ( 1996) Pedagogy of the Oppressed. London: Penguin.
15.
Gilroy, P. ( 1993) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness . London: Verso.
16.
Giroux, H. ( 1991) ‘Beyond the Ethics of Flag Waving: Schooling and Citizenship for a Critical Democracy’, Clearing House46(5): 305-8.
17.
Giroux, H. ( 2006) ‘Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy’, College Literature33(4): 1-42.
18.
Govaris, C. ( 2004) Introduction to Intercultural Education. Athens: Atrapos.
19.
Gundara, J. ( 2000) Interculturalism, Education and Inclusion. London: Sage.
20.
Habermas, J. ( 1999) ‘European Nation-State and the Pressures of Globalization’ , New Left Review235: 46-59.
21.
Hall, S. ( 1992) ‘The Question of Cultural Identity’, in S. Hall, D. Held and T. McGrew (eds) Modernity and its Futures. Cambridge: Polity.
22.
Isin, E.F. and Wood, P.K. ( 1999) Citizenship and Identity. London: Sage.
23.
Johnson, R. ( 1988) ‘Really Useful Knowledge 1790-1850: Memories for Education in the 1980s’, in T. Lovett (ed.) Radical Approaches to Adult Education. London: Routledge.
24.
Johnston, R. ( 2003) ‘Adult Learning and Citizenship: A Framework for Understanding and Practice’, in P. Coare and R. Johnston (eds) Adult Learning, Citizenship and Community Voices. Leicester : National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE).
25.
Kane, L. ( 2000) ‘Language Teaching, Accreditation and the Social Purpose of Adult Education’, in A. Hubner , T. Ibarz and S. Laviosa (eds) Assessment and Accreditation for Languages: The Emerging Concensus?London: Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research (CILT).
26.
Katsoulis, E. ( 2000) Dimensions of Social Exclusion. Athens : National Centre for Social Research.
27.
Kymlicka, W. ( 1995) The Rights of Minority Cultures. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
28.
Lankshear, C. and McLaren, P. ( 1993) Critical Literacy: Politics, Praxis and the Postmodern . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
29.
Levitas, R. ( 1998) The Inclusive Society? Social Exclusion and New Labour . Basingstoke: Macmillan.
30.
McKinney, S. ( 2007) ‘Symbol or Stigma’, Catalyst7: 11-14.
31.
McLaren, P. ( 1998) ‘Revolutionary Pedagogy in Post-Revolutionary Times: Rethinking the Political Economy of Critical Education’, Educational Theory48(4): 431-63.
32.
Magos, K. ( 2005) ‘Approaching the Other: Adult Education and Intercultural Competence’, Proceedings of the Conference Adult Education and Social Competencies, 16-18 December, pp. 199-208. Athens : Hellenic Adult Education Association.
33.
Malik, K. ( 2001) ‘The Trouble with Multiculturalism’, Spiked Online 18 December; at: www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000002D35E.htm (accessed January 2002).
34.
Mansfield, E. and Kehoe, J. ( 1994) ‘A Critical Examination of Anti-Racist Education’ , Canadian Journal of Education19(4): 418-30.
35.
Martin, I. ( 1999a) ‘Lifelong Learning for Democracy: Stretching the Discourse of Citizenship’, Scottish Journal of Adult and Continuing Education5(2): 89-103.
36.
Martin, I. ( 1999b) ‘Introductory Essay: Popular Education and Social Movements in Scotland Today’, in J. Crowther, I. Martin and M. Saw (eds) Popular Education and Social Movements in Scotland Today. Leicester: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE).
37.
Mittelman, J.H. ( 2002) ‘Globalization: An Ascendant Paradigm?’, International Studies Perspectives3(1): 1-14.
38.
Papageorgiou, I. ( 2007) ‘Learning beyond Words: The Impact of Second Language Adult Education on Migrants’ Social Involvement’, PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.
39.
Parker, K. ( 1992) ‘The Revelation of Caliban: "The Black Presence" in the Classroom’, in D. Gill, B. Mayor and M. Blair (eds) Racism and Education: Structures and Strategies. London: Sage.
40.
Parks Daloz, L.A. ( 2000) ‘Transformative Learning for the Common Good’ , in J. Mezirow et al. (eds) Learning as Transformation: Critical Perspectives on a Theory in Progress . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
41.
Phipps, A. ( 2007) Learning the Arts of Linguistic Survival. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
42.
Podeschi, R. ( 1990) ‘Teaching their Own: Minority Challenges to Mainstream Institutions’, New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education48 (Winter): 55-65.
43.
Polère, C. ( 2003) Glossary: Different Approaches to Integration. Lyon: Grand Lyon; at: www.millenaire3.com/ressources.php?ou=a_fiche.phpands=ouvragesandquoi=c:SCandidentity=126 (accessed November 2004).
44.
Roux, J. ( 2002) ‘Effective Educators are Culturally Competent Communicators’ , Intercultural Education13(1): 37-48.
45.
Secru, L. ( 2004) ‘Assessing Intercultural Competence: A Framework for Systematic Test Development in Foreign Language Education and Beyond’ , Intercultural Education15(1): 73-89.
46.
Skutnabb-Kangas, T. and Phillipson, R. ( 1995) Linguistic Human Rights. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
47.
Soysal, Y. ( 1999) ‘Participation of Immigrants in European Public Spheres: Models and Reflections’, in Council of Europe - Community Relations (ed.) Political and Social Participation of Immigrants through Consultative Bodies. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
48.
Stewart, A. ( 2000) ‘Social Inclusion: An Introduction’, in P. Askonas and A. Stewart (eds) Social Inclusion: Possibilities and Tensions . London: Macmillan.
49.
Stuart, M. and Thomson, A. ( 1995) Engaging with Difference: The ‘Other’ in Adult Education. Leicester: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE).
50.
Taylor, C. ( 1994) Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
51.
Taylor, C. ( 2000) ‘Democratic Exclusion and its Remedies?’, in P. Askonas and A. Stewart (eds) Social Inclusion: Possibilities and Tensions . London: Macmillan.
52.
Thompson, J. ( 1997) ‘The Great Tradition: A Personal Reflection’, Words in Edgeways: Radical Learning for Social Change. Leicester: National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE).
53.
Thompson, J., Shaw, M. and Bane, L. ( 2000) ‘Editorial’, in J. Thompson, M. Shaw and L. Bane (eds) Reclaiming Common Purpose . Nottingham: Russell Press.
54.
Troyna, B. ( 1992) ‘Can You See the Join? An Historical Analysis of Multicultural and Antiracist Education Policies’, in D. Gill, B. Mayor and M. Blair (eds) Racism and Education: Structures and Strategies. London : Sage.
55.
Wallis, J. and Allman, P. ( 1996) ‘Adult Education, the "Critical" Citizen and Social Change’, in J. Wallis (ed.) Liberal Adult Education: The End of an Era?Nottingham : University of Nottingham Press.
56.
Waters, M. ( 1995) Globalization. London: Routledge.
57.
Weiner, M. ( 1996) ‘Determinants of Immigrant Integration: An International Comparative Analysis’, in N. Carmon (ed.) Immigration and Integration in PostIndustrial Societies . London: Macmillan.
58.
Welton, M. ( 1995) ‘In Defence of the Lifeworld: A Habermasian Approach to Adult Learning’, in M. R. Welton (ed.) In Defence of the Lifeworld: Critical Perspectives on Adult Learning. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
59.
Zografou, A. ( 2003) Intercultural Pedagogy in Europe and in Greece. Athens: Typothito.
