The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction—A Role for Biochemical Markers?

McCarthy BD Beshansky JR D'Agostino RB Selker HP . Missed diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department: Results from a multicenter study. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 22: 579–82.

The Thrombolysis Early in Acute Heart Attack Trial Study Group. Very early thrombolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 401–7.

Lee TH Juarez G Cook EF Weisberg MC Rouan GW Brand DA Goldman L. Ruling out acute myocardial infarction. A prospective multicenter validation of a 12-hour strategy for patients at low risk. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1239–46.

Eagle KA . Medical decision making in patients with chest pain. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1282–3.

Armstrong A Duncan B Oliver MF Julian DG Donald KW Fulton M Natural history of acute coronary heart attacks. A community study. Br Heart J 1972; 34: 67–80.

Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: Collaborative overview of mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994; 343: 311–22.

Fox KAA. Early treatment options. Hlth Bull 1992; 50: 114–24.

GREAT Group. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of domiciliary thrombolysis by general practitioners: Grampian Region Early Anistreplase trial (GREAT). BMJ 1992; 305: 548–53.

White HD. Thrombolytic therapy for patients with myocardial infarction presenting after six hours. Lancet 1992; 340: 221–2.

Ohman EM Casey C Bengtson JR Pryor D Tormey W Horgan JH . Early detection of acute myocardial infarction: Additional diagnostic information from serum concentrations of myoglobin in patients without ST elevation. Br Heart J 1990; 63: 335–8.

White T Woodmansey P Ferguson DG Channer KS . Improving the interpretation of electrocardiograms in an accident and emergency department. Postgrad Med J 1995; 71: 132–5.

Westdrop EJ Gratton MC Watson WA . Emergency department interpretation of electrocardiograms. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: 541–4.

Adams J Trent R . Rawles J, on behalf of the GREAT group. Earliest electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction: Implications for thrombolytic treatment. BMJ 1993; 307: 409–13.

Timmis AD . Will serum enzymes and other proteins find a clinical application in the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction? Br Heart J 1994; 71: 309–10.

The TIMI 111B Investigators. Effects of tissue plasminogen activator and a comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the TIMI 111B Trial. Circulation 1994; 89: 1545–56.

Fragmin during instability in coronary artery disease (FRISC) Study Group. Low-molecular-weight heparin during instability in coronary artery disease. Lancet 1996; 347: 561–8.

Grines CL Browne KR Marco J Rothbaum D Stone GW O'Keefe J A comparison of primary angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 673–9.

Zijlstra F DeBoer MJ Hoorntje JCA Reiffers S Reiber JHC Suryapranata H. A comparison of immediate coronary angioplasty with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 680–4.

Gibler WB . Chest pain evaluation in the ED: Beyond triage. Am J Emerg Med 1994; 12: 121–2.

Cobbe SM . Consensus statement. Health Bull 1992; 50: 102–8.

Mair J Morandell D Genser N Lechleitner P Dienstl F Puschendorf B. Equivalent early sensitivities of myoglobin, creatine kinase MB mass, creatine kinase isoform ratios and cardiac troponins I and T for acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1266–72.

Bakker AJ Koelemay MJW Gorgels JPMC van Vlies B Smits R Tijssen JGP Failure of new biochemical markers to exclude acute myocardial infarction at admission. Lancet 1993; 342: 1220–2.

Hamm CW Ravkilde J Gerhardt W Jorgensen P Penheim E Ljundgahl L The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 146–50.

Collinson PO Moseley D Stubbs PJ Carter GD . Troponin T for the differential diagnosis of ischaemic myocardial damage. Ann Clin Biochem 1993; 30: 11–16.

Ravkilde J Nissen H Horder M Thygesen K. Independent prognostic value of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MB mass, cardiac troponin T and myosin light chain levels in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Analysis of 28 months of follow-up in 196 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 574–81.

Lindahl B Venge P Wallentin L. Early diagnosis and exclusion of acute myocardial infarction using biochemical monitoring: The BIOMACS Study Group. Biochemical markers of acute coronary syndromes. Coron Artery Dis 1995; 6: 321–8.

Collinson PO Ramhamadany EM Rosalki SB Joffe J Evans DH Fink RS Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction from sequential enzyme measurements obtained within 12 hours of admission to hospital. J Clin Pathol 1989; 42: 1126–31.

Gunn IR Mir NS Parnham AJ Caslake CE Matthews DM O'Brien IAD . Emergency serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme concentration in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Health Bull (Edin) 1993; 51: 166–76.

Griffiths PD . CK-MB: A valuable test? Ann Clin Biochem 1986; 23: 238–42.

Lee HS Cross SJ Garthwaite P Dickie A Ross I Walton S Comparison on the value of novel rapid measurement of myoglobin, creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB with the electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1994; 71: 311–5.

Newby LK Gibler WB Ohman EM Christenson RH . Biochemical markers in suspected acute myocardial infarction: The need for early assessment. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1263–5.

Christian TF Behrenbeck T Geersh BJ Gibbons RJ . Relation of left ventricular volume and function over one year after acute myocardial infarction to infarct size determined by Technetium-99 m sestamibi. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 21–6.

Hossein-Nia M Nisbet J Merton GK Holt DW . Spurious rises in cardiac troponin T. Lancet 1995; 346: 1558.

Collinson PO Stubbs PJ Rosalki SB . Troponin T in renal disease. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1671–3.

Hafner G Thome-Kromer B Schaube J Kupferwasser I Ehrenthal W Cummins P Cardiac troponins in serum in chronic renal failure. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 1790–1.

Pennycook A. Are blood tests of value in primary assessment and resuscitation of patients in the A&E department? Postgrad Med J 1995; 71: 81–5.