Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background

The peptide hormone oxytocin acts in the central nervous system and plays an important role in various complex social behaviours. We report the production of a high affinity and specificity antibody for oxytocin and its use in a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay. Biotin that was chemically bound to oxytocin derivative containing zero to six lysines as bridge was the labelled antigen. Seven labelled antigens were used to develop a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay.

Methods

Antioxytocin antiserum was obtained by immunization of oxytocin-bovine thyrogloblin conjugate to rabbit. Oxytocin sample was added to the second antibody-coated microtitre plate and allowed to react overnight at 4℃, then biotinylated oxytocin was added 1 h at 4℃, and horseradish peroxidase-labelled avidin was added and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The plate was then washed. Horseradish peroxidase activity was measured by a colorimetric method using o-phenylenediamine (490 nm).

Results

The sensitivity of the enzyme immunoassay improved as the number of lysine residues increased; consequently, biotinylated oxytocin bridged with five lysines was used. A standard curve for oxytocin ranged from 1.0 to 1000 pg/assay. The detection limit of the assay was 2.36 pg, and the reproducibility was 3.6% as CV% (n = 6). Cross-reactivity with vasopressin and vasotocin was less than 0.01%.

Conclusion

The sensitivity of the enzyme immunoassay could be improved by increasing the number of lysine residues on the biotin-labelled antigen. The proposed method is sensitive and more specific than conventional immunoassays for oxytocin and can be used to determine plasma oxytocin concentrations.

Keywords

Oxytocin autistic spectrum disorder enzyme immunoassay peptide hormone the biotin-labelled antigen

Introduction

Oxytocin, which has a molecular weight of 1007 Da, is synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary. The molecule consists of nine amino acids linked with a [1–6] disulfide bond and a semi-flexible carboxyamidated tail.

Oxytocin promotes the action of uterotonic and galactopoiesis in peripheral organs^1,2 and is used as a delivery accelerator. In addition, oxytocin acts in the central nervous system of males and females and plays an important role in a variety of complex social behaviours including affiliation, sexual behaviour, social recognition, stress buffering, aggression and trust.^3–12 Researchers have an increased interest in measuring peripheral oxytocin concentrations to better understand the role of this peptide in human social behaviour. Thus, the measurement of oxytocin is important in clinical practice.

The concentrations of oxytocin in plasma are typically measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Oxytocin can also be measured in body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, saliva or urine.¹³ Sample preparation often involves extraction,^14–17 but several reports have used direct measurement.^11,18 The reported concentrations of plasma oxytocin vary from 1 to 300 pg/mL in humans and other mammalian species.¹³ Significant differences exist between values observed in similar populations and are likely due to methodological differences, making comparison between studies difficult.¹³ In addition, many reported methods lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity for oxytocin.

The current oxytocin immunoassay is done by EIA using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase as a label enzyme. The specific activity of the enzyme-labelled antigen is higher than isotopes due to amplification of the enzyme. Therefore, in many cases, EIA is more sensitive than RIA.

However, the sensitivity of EIA for low-molecular weight antigens (haptens) is often reduced when the same hapten derivative is present on the immunogen for the carrier protein conjugate and the labelled antigen with a probe (e.g. enzyme or biotin), because the affinity of the antibody for the labelled antigen is thought to be stronger than to a non-labelled antigen.

In EIAs of haptens, a system in which the same hapten derivative is used both for preparing the immunogen and the hapten-enzyme conjugate is referred to as ‘homologous’, in contrast to ‘heterologous’ systems in which different hapten derivatives are used.

In this paper, homologous and heterologous systems were established by utilizing different bridge lengths (lysine residues) between the antigen and carrier protein or biotin probe. We developed an EIA with sufficient sensitivity to measure oxytocin in the blood by using a heterologous bridge system.

Materials

Oxytocin, [Arg⁸]-vasopressin, [Lys⁸]-vasopressin, [Arg⁸]-vasotocin, bovine serum albumin and o-phenylenediamine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co (USA). HRP-labelled avidin was from Thermo Fisher scientific (USA). The oxytocin EIA kit was from Enzo Life Sciences, Inc (USA). The microtitre plates coated with secondary antibodies were from Eiken Chemical Co. (Japan). Sep-pack (C18, 200 mg) was from Nihon Waters K.K.(Japan). Oxytocin-(Lys)_n derivatives (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) were prepared by the peptide synthesizer in Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co. Ltd (IBL, Japan).

Reagents

Preparation of biotinylated oxytocin

Oxytocin derivatives containing zero to six lysine residues were chemically labelled with N-succinimidyl D-biotin at the N-terminal domain. The obtained biotinylated oxytocin probes were purified by HPLC using C18 RT column (14.6 mm× 250 mm, 5 μm, buffer A; 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water, buffer B; 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile, gradient linear = 10–40% buffer B in 20 min). The structural analysis of synthesized biotinylated oxytocin probes was carried out by electrospray-mass spectrometry (MS). The MS spectral analysis exhibited expected molecular weight for each biotinylated oxytocin probe (biotinylated-(Lys)n-oxytocin; n = 0: MW 1233.5, n = 1: MW 1361.7, n = 2: MW 1489.9, n = 3: MW 1618, n = 4: MW 1746.2, n = 5: MW 1874.4, n = 6: MW 2002.6). These biotinylated oxytocin was stored at 1 mg/mL in H₂O at −20℃ and diluted with assay buffer (see below) before use.

Antioxytocin antiserum

Antioxytocin antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with oxytocin-(Lys) _n ₌₂-bovine thyrogloblin conjugate prepared by the glutaraldehyde method in IBL. Purification of the antibody was performed from the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction using saturated ammonium sulphate and with affinity chromatography. The column for affinity chromatography was prepared with the same immunogen (oxytocin-(Lys) _n ₌₂-bovine thyrogloblin conjugate) immobilized on a Formyl caro fine column. Acetate buffer (10 mmol/L, pH 2.5) was used as the eluent. The eluted antibodies were stored frozen at 0.5 mg/mL and diluted with assay buffer before use.

Buffer and reagent solutions

Assay buffer

A 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.9% NaCl and 0.1% bovine serum albumin was used.

Wash buffer

A 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.9% NaCl and 0.1% polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate was used.

o-Phenylenediamine solution:

Anhydrous citric acid (5.5 g), 6.2 g trisodium citrate dehydrate, and 0.5 mL hydrogen peroxide (30%) were dissolved in 1000 mL H₂O.

Stop solution for the colorimetric method: 2 mol/L sulphuric acid was used.

Apparatus

The WALLAC ARVO_TM SXd 1420 MULTILABEL COUNTER (PerkinElmer) was used.

Human plasma sample

Human plasma sample was obtained from Showa University Hospital. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Showa University Hospital, Reference number 123.

Methods

Assay method

Assay method: the oxytocin sample (100 μL) and 50 μL antioxytocin antibody were added to a microtitre plate coated with secondary antibody and incubated overnight at 4℃. Biotinylated oxytocin (50 μL) was then added and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The plate was washed three times with 350 μL wash buffer, followed by addition of 200 μL HRP-labelled avidin and incubation for 1 hour at room temperature. The plate was washed three times in the same way, and 200 μL o-phenylenediamine solution was added and reacted for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, 50 μL stop solution was added, and the absorbance was measured at 490 nm.

Extraction of oxytocin from human plasma samples

The plasma sample was added to an equal volume of 0.1% TFA in water. The solution was centrifuged at 17,000 g for 15 min at 4 ℃ to clarify the solution, and the supernatant was saved. The Sep-pack column (C18, 200 mg) was equilibrated with 1 mL acetonitrile, followed by 10.5 mL 0.1% TFA in water. The supernatant was applied to the Sep-pack column, which was washed with 10.5 mL TFA in water. We eluted the sample slowly by applying 3 mL acetonitrile: 0.1% TFA in water (95:5). The eluant was collected in a tube, evaporated to dryness using a centrifugal concentrator under vacuum and reconstituted with assay buffer. This method was done with an oxytocin EIA kit.

Statistics

Statistics used in this study were the standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) and a correlation coefficient.

Results and discussion

The proposed method is based on an immunoassay using an antioxytocin antibody from rabbit and biotinylated oxytocin as the labelled antigen. The sensitivity of EIAs for small molecules is highly dependent on the affinity of the labelled antigen for the antibody.^19–22 We chose lysine residues as a bridge between the biotin and oxytocin to increase the competitive reaction between oxytocin and the antibody. Seven biotinylated oxytocin derivatives containing zero to six lysine residues were prepared. The chemical structure and the abbreviated names are shown in Table 1. The reactivity to the antioxytocin antibody and the sensitivity in the immunoassay using these biotinylated oxytocin probes were studied.

Table 1.

List of biotinylated oxytocin derivative and its structure.

	Structure
Lys 0	Biotin-Oxytocin
Lys 1	Biotin-Lys-Oxytocin
Lys 2	Biotin-Lys-Lys-Oxytocin
Lys 3	Biotin-Lys-Lys-Lys-Oxytocin
Lys 4	Biotin-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Oxytocin
Lys 5	Biotin-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Oxytocin
Lys 6	Biotin-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Oxytocin

Lys: lysine.

(1) Reactivity of the labelled antigen for the antioxytocin antibody

We examined the reactivity of the seven biotinylated oxytocin derivatives for the antioxytocin antibody using the following dilutions: antioxytocin 1:1000, HRP-labelled avidin 1:4000 and biotinylated oxytocin 1:25,000. The bound reactivity of biotinylated oxytocin for the antibody was increased in proportion to the number of lysine residues used as the bridge. Maximum binding was obtained when using five lysine residues as the bridge, as shown in Figure 1. Increasing the binding reactivity allowed a greater dilution of the antibody and labelled antigen. As a result, the development of a highly sensitive EIA can be expected. Labelled antigen with five lysine residues was considered the optimal bridge.

(2) The effect of sensitivity using various labelled antigens on the competitive immunoassay

We examined the effect of the labelled antigen on the competitive immunoassay under optimal conditions which the concentrations of antibody and labelled antigen is set to be about 1.0 as OD value of B₀%. The high OD value is needed in order to improve the reproducibility of the assay. And we investigated the immunoassay sensitivity using a combination of each labelled antigen and antioxytocin antibody on bridge homologous and heterologous combination system. In this study, since the antibody is prepared by immunogen of oxytocin – (Lys) _n ₌₂ – bovine thyrogloblin conjugate with two lysine, that is, the use of biotinylated-(Lys)₂-oxytocin is homologous system and other probes with different bridge lengths (0,1,3,4,5,6) in lysine number are correspond to heterologous system. The sensitivity was compared with the oxytocin value that is required to displace 50 % of the B₀. As this value decreases, the immunoassays show high sensitivity. The B/B₀ 50% bound value decreased when the number of lysine residues as a bridge increased, and a minimum value was obtained with five lysines. With more than five lysines, the B/B₀ 50% bound value increased, as shown in Table 2. Measuring a small amount of oxytocin was impossible.

The results of the above (1) and (2) can be considered as follows. Figure 1 shows the affinity of biotinylated-(Lys) _n _=0–6-oxytocin to the antibody.

Figure 1.

Antibody binding ability B₀ values (signal/noise ratio).

As a result, this antibody showed the strongest affinity to biotinylated oxytocin with five lysines. On the other hand, Table 2 shows the affinity of the antibody for non-labelled oxytocin. It shows the displacement effect in the competitive reaction. In this experiment, biotinylated oxytocin and antibody were used with the concentration optimized for each combination. That is, for the strong affinity combination of antibody and biotinylated oxytocin, a greater dilution can be used. As a result, biotinylated oxytocin with five lysine showed the highest sensitivity.

We concluded that a labelled antigen with five lysines on bridge heterologous combination was the most suitable for EIA.

In the following experiments, labelled antigen with five lysine residues was used as the optimal bridge.

(3) Standard curve

A standard curve for oxytocin was plotted under the optimal conditions using biotinylated (Lys)₅ oxytocin as follows: antioxytocin 1:2000, HRP-labelled avidin 1:4000 and labelled antigen 1:50,000. The range of the standard curve for oxytocin was 1.0 to 1000 pg/assay (10 to 10,000 pg/mL), as shown in Figure 2. The detection limit of the assay was 2.36 pg/assay (B₀ – 3SD%). The B/B₀ 50% bound value of the standard curve was 63 pg/assay. The reproducibility of each point in the standard curve was shown as a coefficient variation (n = 6); blank at absence of antibody: 4.0%, B₀: 6.3%, B_1pg: 1.9%, B_2.5 pg: 5.0%, B_5pg: 2.5%, B_10pg: 2.5%, B_25pg: 3.0%, B_50pg: 1.6%, B_100pg: 5.7%, B_250pg: 3.8%, B_500pg: 3.1%, B_1000pg: 3.7%, with an average of 3.6%.

(4) Cross-reactivity

The cross-reactivities of three oxytocin-like peptides, [Arg⁸]-vasopressin, [Lys⁸]-vasopressin and [Arg⁸]-vasotocin, were examined with cross-reactivity tests at a range of 0 to 10,000 pg/assay. The cross-reactivity for all three compounds was less than 0.01%, indicating that this antiserum is highly specific for oxytocin. As described above, because our antibodies showed very high specificity, we tried to directly measure oxytocin in plasma without extraction. A low correlation (r = 0.2, n = 20) was found between the extraction method using the Sep-pack column and the direct method (no extraction). The likely reason is the presence of multiple immunoreactive products in addition to oxytocin in plasma samples.¹³ Therefore, a pretreatment was used for oxytocin immunoassay. In general, Sep-pack C₁₈ column method is used. As another extraction method, a method using an organic solvent can be used, but the extraction rate is reported to be low.¹³ Therefore, we used Sep-pack C18 column as the extraction method of oxytocin.

(5) Recovery study

The recovery % was calculated by dividing the value read from the standard curve with the theoretical amount. A known amount (theoretical amount) of oxytocin was added to pool plasma samples containing endogenous oxytocin. As shown in Table 3, the recoveries for 500 pg /ml and 1000 pg/ml spiked were 104.5% and 95.2%, respectively.

(6) Precision

Plasma samples were pretreated using a solid-phase extraction method as recommended by the manufacturer of the oxytocin EIA kit (Enzo Life Sciences). Intra- and inter-assay precision was evaluated by testing three pretreated plasma samples A, B and C. The average amount of oxytocin was 16.0 pg/assay in sample A, 37.3 pg/assay in sample B and 33.5 pg/assay in sample C. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV%, n = 10) was 2.9% in sample A, 3.2% in sample B and 3.8% in sample C. The inter-assay CV% (n = 5) was 17.2% in sample A, 16.8% in sample B and 12.0% in sample C. From the above result, this method was highly reproducible.

(7) Correlation analysis

Using the present EIA and Enzo kit EIA, we assayed 50 plasma samples in duplicate. The linear correlation coefficient between the oxytocin values determined by these two methods was 0.917 (y = 0.950 x + 8.584), as shown in Figure 3. Therefore, this method was found to be sufficiently applicable to measurement of clinical samples.

Conclusion

This method is based on the principle of competitive EIA using an antioxytocin antibody. The reactivity of seven biotinylated oxytocin derivatives to the antioxytocin antibody was examined to develop a highly sensitive oxytocin EIA.

The sensitivity of the EIA could be improved by increasing the number of lysine residues on the biotin-labelled antigen. The sensitivity was 2.36 pg/assay (B₀ – 3SD%) as detection limit under the optimal condition. This was corresponding to that (1.5 pg/assay) of the oxytocin enzyme-linked immunosorbent (Enzo) kit. And cross-reactivity of proposed method is less than 0.01% with respect to Arg⁸-vasotocin. In contrast, the cross-reactivity of the kit showed 7.5%. Therefore, this proposed method is sensitive enough to measure oxytocin in blood also showed a higher specificity than conventional immunoassay.

Moreover, the sensitivity of the immunoassay using the bridge heterologous combination system devised in this study indicates that a similar method is likely to be useful as a highly sensitive immunoassay for other small peptides.

Figure 2.

Standard curve for oxytocin.

Figure 3.

Correlation between proposed method and Enzo kit values of oxytocin in plasma.

Table 2.

The effect of the number of lysine residues as a bridge on immunoassay sensitivity.

Biotinylated oxytocin derivative	Displacement values (pg/assay) at B/B₀ 50%
Lys 0	605
Lys 1	270
Lys 2	185
Lys 3	123
Lys 4	115
Lys 5	86
Lys 6	170

Lys: Lys,0,1,2,3,4,5,6: number of lysine residues used as a bridge between oxytocin and biotin.

Table 3.

Recovery of oxytocin from plasma (n = 5).

Added (pg/mL)	Found (pg/mL)	CV, %	Recovery, %
–	178.6 ± 29.5	16.5	–
500	701.3 ± 63.9	9.1	104.5
1000	1130.6 ± 45.6	4.0	95.2

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by JST, CREST.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Showa University Hospital, Reference number 123.

Guarantor

HA.

Contributorship

HA designed this study. SH and HA wrote this manuscript. KK, YS and KO were also involved in the EIA development. NK was involved in gaining ethical approval and plasma sample. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approval the final version.

References

Gimpl

Fahrenholz

. The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev 2001; 81: 629–683.

Zingg

Laporte

. The oxytocin receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2003; 14: 222–227.

Cater

. Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998; 23: 779–818.

Ferguson

Young

Insel

. The neuroendocrine basis of social recognition. Front Neuroendicrinol 2002; 23: 200–224.

Insel

Young

. The neurobiology of attachment. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001; 2: 129–136.

Light

Grewen

Amico

. More frequent partner hugs and higher oxytocin levels are linked to lower blood pressure and heart rate in premenopausal women. Biol Psychol 2005; 69: 5–21.

Neumann

. Involvement of the brain oxytocin system in stress coping: interactions with the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Prog Brain Res 2002; 139: 147–162.

Uvnas-Moberg

. Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998; 23: 819–835.

Windle

Shanks

Lightman

. Central oxytocin administration reduces stress-induced corticosterone release and anxiety behavior in rats. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 2829–2834.

10.

Young

Lim

Gingrich

. Cellular mechanisms of social attachment. Horm Behav 2001; 40: 133–138.

11.

Zak

Kurzban

Matzner

. Oxytocin is associated with human trustworthiness. Horm Behav 2005; 48: 522–527.

12.

Jin

Liu

Hirai

. CD38 is critical for social behaviour by regulating oxytocin secretion. Nature 2007; 446: 41–45.

13.

Szeto

McCabe

Nation

. Evaluation of enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay methods for the measurement of plasma oxytocin. Psychosom Med 2011; 73: 393–400.

14.

Amico

Seif

Robinson

. Oxytocin in human plasma: correlation with neurophysin and stimulation with estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981; 52: 988–993.

15.

Grewen

Davenport

Light

. An investigation of plasma and salivary oxytocin responses in breast- and formula-feeding mothers of infants. Psychophysiology 2010; 47: 625–632.

16.

Salonia

Nappi

Pontillo

. Menstrual cycle-related changes in plasma oxytocin are relevant to normal sexual function in healthy women. Horm Behav 2005; 47: 164–169.

17.

Tabak

McCullough

Szeto

. Oxytocin indexes relational distress following interpersonal harms in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36: 115–122.

18.

Kristin

Cushing

Carter

. Sex and species differences in plasma oxytocin using an enzyme immunoassay. Can J Zool 2004; 82: 1194–1200.

19.

Arakawa

Maeda

Tsuji

. Chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay of cortisol using peroxidase as label. Anal Biochem 1979; 97: 248–254.

20.

Van Weemen

Schuurs

AHWM

. Immunoassay using antigen-enzyme conjugates. FEBS Lett 1971; 15: 232–236.

21.

Hosoda

Kawamura

Nambara

. Effect of bridge heterologous combination on sensitivity in enzyme immunoassay for cortisol. Chem Pharm Bull 1981; 29: 1969–1974.

22.

Arakawa

Maeda

Tsuji

. Chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for thyroxin with use of glucose oxidase and a bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate – fluorescent dye system. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 430–434.

Development of a highly specific enzyme immunoassay for oxytocin and its use in plasma samples

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Materials

Reagents

Preparation of biotinylated oxytocin

Antioxytocin antiserum

Buffer and reagent solutions

Assay buffer

Wash buffer

Apparatus

Human plasma sample

Methods

Assay method

Extraction of oxytocin from human plasma samples

Statistics

Results and discussion

(1) Reactivity of the labelled antigen for the antioxytocin antibody

(2) The effect of sensitivity using various labelled antigens on the competitive immunoassay

(3) Standard curve

(4) Cross-reactivity

(5) Recovery study

(6) Precision

(7) Correlation analysis

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

Ethical approval

Guarantor

Contributorship

References