Retrospective studies show that statin use prevents congestive heart failure and decreases mortality in patients with congestive heart failure; however, only one prospective study is available. In the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure study, rosuvastatin (10 mg/d) was compared with placebo in patients with advanced coronary heart disease—related congestive heart failure. There was no significant difference between rosuvastatin and placebo except for hospitalization rates. Statins must be given to all patients with coronary heart disease as early as possible because they may not work in patients with advanced congestive heart failure.
Tsouli SG, Liberopoulos EN, Goudevenos JA, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MSShould a statin be prescribed to every patient with heart failure? Heart Fail Rev. 2008;13:211-225.
2.
Liberopoulos EN, Daskalopoulou SS, Mikhailidis DP, Wierzbicki AS, Elisaf MSA review of the lipid-related effects of fluvastatin . Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:231-244.
3.
Paraskevas KI , Tzovaras AA, Briana DD, Mikhailidis DPEmerging indications for statins: a pluripotent family of agents with several potential applications. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13:3622-636.
4.
Nakagami H., Jensen KS, Liao JKA novel pleiotropic effect of statins: prevention of cardiac hypertrophy by cholesterol-independent mechanisms. Ann Med. 2003; 35:398-403.
5.
Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O., Kjekshus J., Wedel H., Berg K., et al. Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation. 1998;97:1453-1460.
6.
MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7-22.
7.
Kjekshus J., Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O., Pyorala K.The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. J Card Fail. 1997;3:249-254.
8.
Go AS, Lee WY, Yang J., Lo JC, Gurwitz JHStatin therapy and risks for death and hospitalization in chronic heart failure . JAMA. 2006;296:2105-2111.
9.
Coletta AP, Tin L., Loh PH, Clark AL, Cleland JGClinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology heart failure meeting: TNT subgroup analysis, darbepoetin alfa, FERRIC-HF and KW-3902. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006;8:547-549.
10.
de Lemos JA , Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, Lewis EF, Fox KA, White HD, et al. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1307-1316.
11.
Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Mercouris BR, et al. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus `usual' care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study . Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18:220-228.
12.
LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425-1435.
13.
Schwartz GG , Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1711-1718.
14.
Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels.The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349-1357.
15.
Scirica BM, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, et al. Intensive statin therapy and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure after an acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study . J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2326-2331.
16.
Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001-1009.
17.
Shepherd J. , Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360: 1623-1630.
18.
The effects of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin on cause-specific mortality and on cancer incidence in 20,536 high-risk people: a randomised placebo-controlled trial [ISRCTN48489393]. BMC Med. 2005;3:6.
19.
Koren MJ, Hunninghake DBClinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: the alliance study . J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1772-1779.
20.
Pedersen TR , Faergeman O., Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, Holme I., et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294:2437-2445.
21.
Rinfret S., Behlouli H., Eisenberg MJ, Humphries K., Tu JV, Pilote L.Class effects of statins in elderly patients with congestive heart failure: a population-based analysis. Am Heart J. 2008 ;155:316-323.
22.
Kjekshus J. , Apetrei E., Barrios V., Bohm M., Cleland JG, Cornel JH, et al. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2007 ;357:2248-2261.
23.
AstraZeneca.Crestor outcomes study JUPITER closes early due to unequivocal evidence of benefit. Available at http://www.astrazeneca.com/pressrelease/5385.aspx . Accessed: April 12, 2008.
24.
Tavazzi L., Tognoni G., Franzosi MG, et al. Rationale and design of the GISSI heart failure trial: a large trial to assess the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin in symptomatic congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail . 2004;6:635-641.
25.
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults.Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285: 2486-2497.
26.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:720-732.
