En este artículo se analiza la mentira como una manifestación lingüística del engaño, considerando los componentes comunes a ambas conductas y las particularidadespropias de la mentira. Se presentan y analizan diversos trabajos sobre la comprensión y producción de la mentira en el desarrollo ontogenético. Se analiza la conducta de mentira como instrumento social con un importante papel adaptativo de las conductas de engaño y mentira. También se presenta un análisis de la conducta de mentira—o de su ausencia—en personas con autismo y se interpreta este resultado en relación con otras habilidades de inferencia mentalista. Por último, se analiza la mentira en relación con las implicaciones que en ella tiene el proceso de atribución de estados mentales.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BachK.HarnishR. M. (1979). Linguistic: Communication and speech acts.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2.
Baron-CohenS. (1989 a). The autistic child's theory of mind: A case of specific developmental delay. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30 (2), 285–298.
3.
Baron-CohenS. (1989 b). Are autistic children ‘behaviorist’? An examination of their mental-physical and appearance-reality distinctions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 579–600.
4.
Baron-CohenS.LeslieA.FrithU. (1986). Mechanical, behavioral and intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 113–125.
5.
BennettJ. (1976). Linguistic behaviour.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6.
BurtonR. V.StrichartzA. F. (1992). Liar! Liar! Pants afire! EnCeciS. J.Desimone LeichtmanM.PutnickM. (Eds.), Cognitive and social factors in early deception (pp. 11–28). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
7.
Caro BarojaJ. (1991). Las falsificaciones de la Historia (en relación con la de España).Barcelona: Seix Barral.
8.
CosmidesL. (1989). The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition, 31, 187–276.
9.
CosmidesL.ToobyJ. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. EnBerkonT.CosmidesL.ToobyJ. (Eds.), The Adaptive Mind: Evolution, psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 163–228). Oxford: oxford University Press.
10.
CosmidesL.ToobyJ. (1994). Beyond intuition and instinct blindness: Toward an evolutionarily rigorous cognitive science. Cognition, 50, 41–77.
11.
DalkeD. E. (1995). Explaining young children's difficulty on the false belief task: Representational deficits on context-sensitivity knowledge?British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13 (3), 209–222.
12.
DICCIONARIO DE LA REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA (1992). Diccionario de la lengua española.Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
13.
FodorJ. A. (1975). The language of thought.New York: Harper and Row, Publishers. (Trad. cast: El lenguaje del pensamiento.Madrid: Alianza, 1984).
14.
FrankM. G. (1992). Commentary: On the structure of lies and deception experiments. EnCeciS. J.Desimone LeichtmanM.PutnickM. (Eds.), Cognitive and social factors in early deception (pp. 127–146). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15.
FrithU. (1991). Autism and Asperger Syndrome.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16.
GilliG.MarchettiA.SiegalM. (1998). Teorie della mente e comprensione della bugia: effetto delle massime conversazionali e della rilevanza delle prove. Archivio di Psicologia, Neurología e Psichiatria, 59 (1), 77–91.
17.
GriceH. P. (1957). Meaning.Philosophical Review, 66, 377–388 {reimpreso en StrawsonP. F. (Ed.), Philosophical logic.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971}.
18.
HoogenraadK.MckenzieB. E. (1995). Maternal reports of children's deceptive behaviour. Special Issue: Cognitive Development. Australian Journal of Psychology, 47 (1), 42–46.
19.
HumphreyN. K. (1976). The social function of the intellect. EnBatesonP. P. G.HindeR. A. (Eds.), Growing points in Ethology (pp. 13–26). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20.
KawakamiK. (1995). Deception in children. Japanise Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (3), 223–231.
21.
LeekamS. R. (1992). Believing and deceiving: Steps to becoming a good lier. EnCeciS. J.DesimoneM.PutnikM. (Eds.), Social and cognitive factors in early deception (pp. 47–62). Hillsdale, NJ: L.E.A.
22.
LeslieA. M. (1987). Pretence and representation: The origins of a ‘theory of mind’. Psychological Review, 94, 412–426.
23.
LeslieA. M. (1988). Some implications of pretence for mechanisms underlying the child's theory of mind. EnAstingtonJ. W.HarrisP. L.OlsonD. R. (Eds.), Developing Theories of Mind (pp. 19–46). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24.
LeslieA. M. (1991). The theory of mind impairment in autism: Evidence for a modular mechanism of development? EnWhitenA. (Ed.), Natural Theories of Mind (pp. 63–78). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
25.
LeslieA. M.FrithU. (1987). Metarepresentation and autism: How not to lose one's marbles. Cognition, 27, 291–294.
26.
LeslieA. M.FrithU. (1988). Autistic children's understanging of seeing, knowning and believing. British of Developmental Psychology, 6, 315–324.
27.
LewisB. (1979). La historia recortada, rescatada e inventada.México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
28.
LewisM.StangerC.SullivanM. (1989). Deception in 3-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 25, 439–443.
29.
LightP.GirottoV.LegrenziP. (1990). Children's reasoning on conditional promises and permissions. Cognitive Development, 5, 4, 369–383.
30.
MiaoX. (1995). School children's understanding of indirect meaning in false statements. Psychological Science China, 18 (2),65–69.
31.
MilesH. L. (1986). How can I tell a lie? Apes, language and the problem of deception. EnMitchellR. W.ThompsonN. S. (Eds.), Deception, perspectives on human and non-human deceit.New York: State University of New York.
32.
NÚÑEZM.RivièreA. (1994). Engaño, intenciones y creencias en el desarrollo y evolución de una psicología natural. Estudios de Psicología, 52, 83–128.
33.
PernerJ. (1991). Understanding the Representational Mind.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Trad. cast: Comprender la mente representacional.Barcelona: Paidós, 1994).
34.
PernerJ.WimmerH. (1985). ‘John thinks that…’ Attribution of second order beliefs by 5-to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 437–471.
35.
PetersonC. (1995). The role of perceived intention to deceive in children's and adults' concept of lying. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13 (3), 237–260.
36.
PiagetJ. (1932). Le judgement moral chez l'enfant.Paris: Presses Universitaries de France (Trad. cast. Barcelona: Martíinez Roca, 1984).
37.
PremackD. G.WoodruffG. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?Behavioral and Brain Sciences, I, 515–526.
38.
RivièreA.CastellanosJ. L. (1988). Autismo y teoría de la mente. Comunicación presentada en elIV Congreso Nacional de Terapeutas de Autismo. Cádiz.
39.
RivièreA.NÚÑEZM.SotilloM.QuintanillaL. (1991). Cognitive abilities in high-functioning autistic people. Comunicación presentada en el Symposio sobre Autismo y Síndrome de Asperger.British Psychological Society, Developmental Psychology Section, Annual Meeting. Cambridge, Septiembre.
40.
RivièreA.SotilloM. (1995). ¿Por qué no mienten los autistas? Sobre lo desadaptado de la ingenuidad.VIII Congreso Nacional de AETAPI. Murcia.
41.
RussellJ.SharpeA.MauthnerN. (1991). Deception in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 331–349.
42.
RutterM. (1978). Language disorder and infantile autism. EnRutterM.SchoplerE. (Eds.), Autism: A reappraisal of concepts and treatment.London: Churchill.
43.
Savage-RumbaughE. S.McdonaldK. (1988). Deception and social manipulation in symbol-using apes. EnByrneR.WhitenA. (Eds.), Machiavellian Intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intelligence in monkeys, apes and humans (pp. 224–237). Oxford: Oxford Science Publications.
44.
SiegalM.PetersonC. (1996). Preschoolers' understanding of lies and innocent and negligent mistakes. Developmental-Psychology, 34 (2), 332–341.
45.
SodianB.FrithU. (1990). Can autistic children lie? Comunicación presentada en laFourth European Conference of Developmental Psychology.U.K.: Stirling, Agosto.
46.
SotilloM. (1995). El lenguaje de los estados mentales. Aspectos psicosemánticos de los verbos mentales epistémicos.Madrid: Tesis doctoral no publicada.
47.
SternE. (1933). Anormalidades mentales y educabilidad difícil de niños y jóvenes.Barcelona: Labor.
48.
SternC.SternW. (1909). Monographien über die seelische Entwicklung des kindes. Vol. 2: Erinnerung, Aussage und Lüge in der ersten Kindheit.Leipzig: Barth (citado en J. Perner, Comprender la mente representacional, Barcelona: Paidós, 1994).
49.
Stouthamer-LoeberM. (1986). Adult's perception of verbal misrepresentation of relity in four-year-olds. Manuscrito no publicado. Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburg (cit. por Perner, 1991a).
50.
StrichartzA. F.BurtonR. (1990). Lies and truth: A study of the development of the concept. Child Development, 61, 211–220.
51.
SullivanK.WinnerE.HopfieldN. (1995). How children tell a lie from a joke: The role of second-order mental state attributions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13 (2), 191–204.
52.
VasekM. E. (1986). Lying as a skill: The development of deception in children. EnMitchellR. W.ThompsonN. S. (Eds.), Deception, perspectives on human and non-human deceit.New York: State University of New York.
53.
WasonP. C. (1966). Reasoning. EnFossB. M. (Ed.), New Horizonts in Psychology, vol. 1. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
54.
WellsG. (1981). Learning througt interaction. The study of language development.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55.
WhitenA.ByrneR. W. (1988). Tactical deception in primates. Behavioral, and Brain Sciences, 11, 2, 233–273.
56.
WimmerH.GruberS.PernerJ. (1984). Young children's conception of lying: Conceptual realism-moral subjectivism. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 1–30.
57.
WimmerH.GruberS.PernerJ (1985). Young children's conception of lying: Moral intuition and the denotation and connotation of ‘lo lie’. Developmental Psychology, 21, 993–995.
58.
WimmerHPernerJ. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and the constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition13, 103–128.
59.
WinnerE.LeekamS. (1991). Distinguishing irony from deception: Understanding the speaker's second-order intention. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 257–270.
60.
YirmiyaN.Solomonica-LeviD.ShulmanC. (1996). The ability to manipulate behavior and to understand manipulation of beliefs: A comparison of individuals with autism, mental retardation and normal development. Developmental Psychology, 32 (1),62–69.
61.
ZaitchikD. (1991). Is only seeing really believing? Sources of the true belief in the falsa belief task. Cognitive Development, 6 (1), 91–103.
62.
ZuckermanM.DriverR. E. (1985). Verbal and nonverbal correlates of deception. EnSiegmanA. W.FeldsteinS. (Eds.), Multichanel integrations of nonverbal behavior.Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.
63.
ZuckermanM.De FrankR. S.HallJ. A.LarranceD. T.RosenthalR. (1979). Facial and vocal cues of deception and honesty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 378–396.
