Note that for the purposes of this paper, we assume that compliance is equivalent to effectiveness (i.e., if the states agreed to enact the policies contained within the instrument, they would reduce the threat of ABR).
2.
MurphyH.KellowA., “Forum Shopping in Global Governance: Understanding States, Business and NGOs in Multiple Arenas,”Global Policy4, no. 2 (2013): 139–149.
3.
HoffmanS. J.OuttersonK.RøttingenJ.-A.CarsO.CliftC.RizviZ.RotbergF.TomsonG.ZorzetA., “An International Legal Framework to Address Antibiotic Resistance,”Bulletin of the World Health Organization93, no. 2 (2015): 66; RøttingenJ.-A., “Regulating Antibiotics and Resistance,” in FrenkJ.HoffmanS. J., To Save Humanity: What Matters Most for a Healthy Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
4.
HoffmanS. J.RøttingenJ.-A.FrenkJ., “International Law Has a Role to Play in Addressing Antibiotic Resistance,”Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Available via aslme.org.
WernliD.HausteinT.ConlyJ.CarmeliY., “A Call for Action: The Application of the International Health Regulations to the Global Threat of Antibiotic Resistance,”PLoS Medicine8, no. 4 (2011): e1001022.
8.
See WHO, International Health Regulations, 2005.
9.
WHO, Implementation of the International Health Regulations: Report by the Director-General, 2013.
10.
WHO, Constitution of the World Health Organization (1948).
11.
Id.
12.
WHO, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2003).
13.
See WHO, supra note 10.
14.
LakinA., “The Legal Powers of the World Health Organization,”Medical Law International3, no. 3 (1997): 23–49.
15.
HoffmanS. J.RøttingenJ.-A., “Split WHO in Two: Strengthening Political Decision-Making and Securing Independent Scientific Advice,”Public Health128, no. 2 (2014): 188–194.
16.
HoffmanS. J.RøttingenJ.-A., “Assessing the Expected Impact of Global Health Treaties: Evidence from 90 Quantitative Evaluations,”American Journal of Public Health105, no. 1 (2015): 26–40; HoffmanS. J.OttersenT., “Addressing Antibiotic Resistance Requires Robust International Accountability Mechanisms,”Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Available via aslme.org.
17.
See WHO, supra notes 8 and 12.
18.
WTO, The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (1995).
19.
SoA.ShahT. J.RoachS.CheeY. L.NachmanK. E., “International Agreement to Address the Contribution of Animal Agriculture to Antibiotic Resistance: A One Health Approach,”Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Available via aslme.org.
HoffmanS. J., “Mitigating Inequalities of Influence among States in Global Decision Making,”Global Policy3, no. 4 (2012): 421–432.
23.
RushtonJ.FerreiraP.StärkK., “Antibiotic Resistance: The Use of Antibiotics in the Livestock Sector,” OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 68 (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2014); OliverS. P.MurindaS. E.JayaraoB. M., “Impact of Antibiotic Use in Adult Dairy Cows on Antibiotic Resistance of Veterinary and Human Pathogens: A Comprehensive Review,”Foodborne Pathogens and Disease8, no. 3 (2011): 337–355.
24.
AndresenS.HoffmanS. J., “Much Can Be Learned About Addressing Antibiotic Resistance from Multilateral Environmental Agreements,”Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Online only.
25.
See So, supra note 19.
26.
UNAIDS, The First 10 Years (2008).
27.
JacobG., “Without Reservation,”Chicago Journal of International Law5, no. 1 (2004): 287–302.
28.
Id.
29.
United Nations, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961).