KimmelmanJ., Gene Transfer and the Ethics of First-in-Human Research: Lost in Translation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009): at 1.
9.
National Nanotechnology Initiative, available at <http://www.nano.gov/> (last visited November 19, 2012).
10.
OberdörsterG.OberdörsterE., and OberdörsterJ., “Nanotoxicity: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles,”Environmental Health Perspectives113, no. 7 (2005): 823–39, at 823.
11.
ResnikD. B. and TinkleS. S., “Ethics in Nanomedicine,”Nanomedicine2, no. 3 (2007): 345–350, at 345.
12.
ResnikD. B. and TinkleS. S., “Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials Involving Nanomedicine,”Contemporary Clinical Trials28, no. 4 (2007): 433–441, at 433.
13.
See Oberdörster, supra note 10, at 823.
14.
See National Nanotechnology Initiative, supra note 9.
15.
HoetP.Brüske-HohlfieldI., and SalataO., “Nanoparticles – Known and Unknown Health Risks,”Journal of Nanobiotechnology2, no. 1(2004): 12–27, at 12.
16.
OberdörsterG., “Safety Assessment for Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine: Concepts of Nanotoxicology,”Journal of Internal Medicine267, no. 1 (2010): 89–105, at 89.
17.
See Oberdörster, supra note 10, at 823.
18.
AllhoffF.LinP., and MooreD., What Is Nanotechnology and Why Does It Matter? (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010): at 71.
19.
ResnikD. B., “Is the Precautionary Principle Unscientific?”Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and the Biomedical Sciences34, no. 2 (2003): 329–344, at 329.
20.
ElliottK., “Nanomaterials and the Precautionary Principle,”Environmental Health Perspectives119, no. 6 (2011): A240.
21.
MuntheC., The Price of Precaution and the Ethics of Risk (Dordrecht: Springer, 2011): at 1.
22.
See Oberdörster, supra note 16, at 89.
23.
YokelR. A. and MacphailR. C., “Engineered Nanomaterials: Exposures, Hazards, and Risk Prevention,”Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology21, no. 6 (2011): 7.
24.
See Yokel and Macpail, supra note 23, at 7.
25.
PerryM. and HuH., “Workplace Health and Safety,” in FrumkinH., ed., Environmental Health: From Global to Local, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2010): 729–767, at 729.
Environmental Protection Agency, “Control of Nanoscale Materials under the Toxic Substance Control Act,”available at <http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/nano/> (last visited November 19, 2012).
29.
CranorC., Legally Poisoned: How the Law Puts Us at Risk from Toxicants (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011): at 208.
30.
DaviesJ. C., Managing the Effects of Nanotechnology (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center, 2006): at 1.
31.
National Institutes of Health, Office of Biotechnology Activities, “Institutional Biosafety Committees,”available at <http://oba.od.nih.gov/rdna_ibc/ibc.html> (last visited November 19, 2012).
32.
GunsalusC. K.BrunerE. M.BurbulesN. C.DashL.FinkinM.GoldbergJ. P.GreenoughW. T.MillerG. A., and PrattM. G., “Mission Creep in the IRB World,”Science312, no. 5779 (2006): 1441.
33.
ResnikD. B. and SharpR., “Protecting Third Parties in Human Subjects Research,”IRB28, no. 4 (2006): 1–7, at 1.
34.
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, The Belmont Report (Washington, D.C.: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979): at 1.
35.
BeauchampT. and ChildressJ., Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008): at 165.
36.
WeirT., Introduction to Tort Law, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford Higher Education, 2006): at 29.
37.
ResnikD. B., “Liability for Institutional Review Boards: From Regulation to Litigation,”Journal of Legal Medicine25, no. 2 (2004): 131–184, at 131.
38.
See Weir, supra note 36, at 29.
39.
See Weir, supra note 36, at 29.
40.
See AllhoffLin, and Moore, supra note 18, at 71.
41.
SandlerR., Nanotechnology: The Social and Ethical Issues (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, 2009): at 1.
42.
See AllhoffLin, and Moore, supra note 18, at 71.
43.
CrichtonM., Prey (New York: Harper Collins, 2002): at 1.
44.
FleischmanA.EckenwilerL.GradyC.HammerschmidtD.LevineC., and SugarmanJ., “Dealing with the Long-Term Social Implications of Research,”American Journal of Bioethics11, no. 5 (2011): 5–9, at 5.
45.
See Fleischman, supra note 44, at 5.
46.
Id.
47.
World Medical Association, “WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects,”available at <http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/> (last visited November 19, 2012).