LeshnerA. I., “Addiction Is a Brain Disease,”Issues in Science and Technology (Spring, 2001): 75–80.
2.
RushB., An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind: With an Account of the Means of Preventing, and of the Remedies for Curing Them (Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1808).
3.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings, NSDUH Series H-25, DHHS Publication No. SMA 04–3694 (Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, 2004).
4.
HasinD. S., “Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,”Archives of General Psychiatry64, no. 7 (2007): 830–842.
5.
Id.
6.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings, NSDUH Series H-32, DHHS Publication No. Sma 07–4293 (Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, SAMSHA, 2007).
7.
H. Harwood and The Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Updating Estimates of the Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse in the United States: Estimates, Update Methods, and Data (Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2000).
8.
MichaudC. M., “The Burden of Disease and Injury in the United States 1996,”Population Health Metrics4, no. 11 (2006): 535–539.
9.
MokdadA. H., “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000,”JAMA291, no. 10 (2004): 1238–1245; MokdadA. H., “Correction: Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000,”JAMA293, no. 3 (2005): 293–294.
10.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings, NSDUH Series H-34, DHHS Publication No. SMA 08–4343 (Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, 2008).
11.
GrantB. F., “The 12-Month Prevalence and Trends in Dsm-Iv Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: United States, 1991–1992 and 2001–2002,”Drug and Alcohol Dependence74, no. 3 (2004): 223–234.
12.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (Ardi): Alcohol Attributable Deaths Report, 2001–2005, available at <https://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/ardi/Homepage.aspx> (last visited September 3, 2010); ScottK. D., “The Role of Alcohol in Physical Assault Perpetration and Victimization,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol60, no. 4 (1999): 528–536.
13.
GmelG., “How Stable Is the Risk Curve between Alcohol and All-Cause Mortality and What Factors Influence the Shape? A Precision-Weighted Hierarchical Meta-Analysis,”European Journal of Epidemiology18, no. 7 (2003): 631–642.
KoobG.KreekM. J., “Stress, Dysregulation of Drug Reward Pathways, and the Transition to Drug Dependence,”American Journal of Psychiatry164, no. 8 (2007): 1149–1159.
16.
KalivasP. W.VolkowN. D., “The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice,”American Journal of Psychiatry162, no. 8 (2005): 1403–1413.
17.
MyrickH., “Differential Brain Activity in Alcoholics and Social Drinkers to Alcohol Cues: Relationship to Craving,”Neuropsychopharmacology29 (2004): 393–402.
18.
VolkowN. D., “Dopamine in Drug Abuse and Addiction: Results from Imaging Studies and Treatment Implications,”Molecular Psychiatry9, no. 6 (2004): 557–569.
19.
See KalivasVolkow, supra note 16.
20.
AntonR. F., “Naltrexone and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Treatment of Outpatient Alcoholics: Results of a Placebo-Controlled Trial,”American Journal of Psychiatry156, no. 11 (1999): 1758–1764.
21.
KilpatrickD. G., “The Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Social Support and Moderation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Hurricane-Exposed Adults,”American Journal of Psychiatry164, no. 11 (2007): 1693–1699.
22.
BradyK. T., “Cold Pressor Task Reactivity: Predictors of Alcohol Use among Alcohol-Dependent Individuals with and without Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,”Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research30, no. 6 (2006): 938–946.
23.
JacobsonI. G., “Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems before and after Military Combat Deployment,”JAMA300, no. 6 (2008): 663–675.
24.
SullivanE. V., “Pattern of Motor and Cognitive Deficits in Detoxified Alcoholic Men,”Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research24, no. 5 (2000): 611–621; SullivanE. V., “Disruption of Frontocerebellar Circuitry and Function in Alcoholism,”Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research27, no. 2 (2003): 301–309.
25.
CrewsF. T., “Neurogenesis in Adolescent Brain Is Potently Inhibited by Ethanol,”Neuroscience137, no. 2 (2006): 437–445.
26.
See KalivasVolkow, supra note 16.
27.
Id.
28.
See KoobKreek, supra note 15.
29.
See KalivasVolkow, supra note 16.
30.
StinsonF. S., “Comorbidity between DSM-IV Alcohol and Specific Drug Use Disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,”Drag & Alcohol Dependence80, no. 1 (2005): 105–116.
31.
NurnbergerJ. I.BierutL. J., “Seeking the Connections: Alcoholism and Our Genes,”Scientific American296, no. 4 (2007): 46–53.
32.
Id.
33.
See Kilpatrick, supra note 21.
34.
OslinD. W., “A Functional Polymorphism on the M-Opioid Receptor Gene Is Associated with Naltrexone Response in Alcohol-Dependent Patients,”Neuropsychopharmacology28 (2003): 1546–1552; AntonR. F., “An Evaluation of μ-Opioid Receptor (Oprm1) as a Predictor of Naltrexone Response in the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence: Results from the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence (Combine) Study,”Archives of General Psychiatry65, no. 2 (2008): 135–144.
35.
MyrickH., “Effect of Naltrexone and Ondansetron on Alcohol Cue-Induced Activation of the Ventral Striatum in Alcohol-Dependent People,”Archives of General Psychiatry65, no. 4 (2008): 466–475.
36.
KleberH. D., “Treatment of Patients with Substance Use Disorders, Second Edition. American Psychiatric Association,”American Journal of Psychiatry164, no. 4, Supp. (2007): 5–123.
37.
DawsonD. A., “Maturing out of Alcohol Dependence: The Impact of Transitional Life Events,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol67, no. 2 (2006): 195–203; RussellM., “Natural Recovery in a Community-Based Sample of Alcoholics: Study Design and Descriptive Data,”Substance Use & Misuse36, no. 11 (2001): 1417–1441.
38.
MillerW. R., “When Worlds Collide: Blending the Divergent Traditions of Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy Outcome Research,”Journal of Studies on AlcoholSupp.no. 15 (2005): 17–23; MillerW. R.WilbourneP. L., “Mesa Grande: A Methodological Analysis of Clinical Trials of Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorders,”Addiction97, no. 3 (2002): 265–277
39.
Id. (MillerWilbourne); McLellanA. T., “Drug Dependence, a Chronic Medical Illness: Implications for Treatment, Insurance, and Outcomes Evaluation,”Journal of the American Medical Association284, no. 13 (2000): 1689–1695.
40.
MillerG., “Tackling Alcoholism with Drugs,”Science320, no. 5873 (2008): 168–170.
41.
KalivasP. W., “Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction: Implications for New Pharmacotherapy,”American Journal on Addictions16, no. 2 (2007): 71–78.
42.
KarilaL., “New Treatments for Cocaine Dependence: A Focused Review,”International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology11, no. 3 (2008): 425–438.
43.
RoseM. E.GrantJ. E., “Pharmacotherapy for Methamphetamine Dependence: A Review of the Pathophysiology of Methamphetamine Addiction and the Theoretical Basis and Efficacy of Pharmacotherapeutic Interventions,”Annals of Clinical Psychiatry20, no. 3 (2008): 145–155.
44.
HaileC. N., “Pharmacogenetic Treatments for Drug Addiction: Alcohol and Opiates,”American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse34, no. 4 (2008): 355–381.
45.
HughesJ. R., “Combining Behavioral Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation: An Update,” in OnkenL. S.BlaineJ. D.BorenJ. J., eds., Integrating Behavioral Therapies with Medications in the Treatment of Drug Dependence, vol. 150 (Bethesda, MD, NIDA Research Monograph, 1995): 92–109.
46.
Schneider Institute for Health Policy and Brandeis University, Substance Abuse: The Nation's Number One Health Problem, Key Indicators for Policy: Update (Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2001).
47.
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse in Brief (Columbia, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1999).
48.
HolderH. D.BloseJ. O., “The Reduction of Health Care Costs Associated with Alcoholism Treatment: A 14-Year Longitudinal Study,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol53, no. 4 (1992): 293–302; ParthasarathyS., “Association of Outpatient Alcohol and Drug Treatment with Health Care Utilization and Cost: Revisiting the Offset Hypothesis,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol62, no. 1 (2001): 89–97
49.
FlemingM. F., “Brief Physician Advice for Problem Drinkers: Long-Term Efficacy and Benefit-Cost Analysis,”Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research26, no. 1 (2002): 36–43; SolbergL. I., “Primary Care Intervention to Reduce Alcohol Misuse Ranking Its Health Impact and Cost Effectiveness,”American Journal of Preventive Medicine34, no. 2 (2008): 143–152.
50.
D'OnofrioG.DegutisL. C., “Preventive Care in the Emergency Department: Screening and Brief Intervention for Alcohol Problems in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review,”Academic Emergency Medicine9, no. 6 (2002): 627–638.
51.
GentilelloL. M., “Alcohol Interventions for Trauma Patients Treated in Emergency Departments and Hospitals: A Cost Benefit Analysis,”Annals of Surgery241, no. 4 (2005): 541–550.
52.
Levy MerrickE. S., “Revisiting Employee Assistance Programs and Substance Use Problems in the Workplace: Key Issues and a Research Agenda,”Psychiatric Services58, no. 10 (2007): 1262–1264.
53.
RomanP. M.BlumT. C., “Alcohol: A Review of the Impact of Worksite Interventions on Health and Behavioral Outcomes,”American Journal of Health Promotion11, no. 2 (1996): 136–149.
54.
ONDCP Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse and SchmidtG., Drug Treatment in the Criminal Justice System - March 2001 Fact Sheet (Rockville, MD: White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2001).
55.
See Leshner, supra note 1; id.;Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse Treatment for Adults in the Criminal Justice System, Treatment Improvement Protocol (Tip) Series 44, DHHS Publication No. Sma 05–4056 (Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2005).
56.
HserY.-I., “Predictors of Short-Term Treatment Outcomes among California's Proposition 36 Participants,”Evaluation and Program Planning30, no. 2 (2007): 187–196.