Currents in Contemporary Ethics

Department of Health and Human Services, “Health Outcomes: Number of Episodes of Illness, Healthcare Utilization, and Death Associated with Moderate and Severe Pandemic Influenza Scenarios,” 2005, available at <www.hhs.gov/disasters/discussion/planners/playbook/panfu/index.html> (last visited February 4, 2010).

Id.

Hampton T. , “Pandemic Flu Planning Falls Short: Many Vulnerabilities in Health Care System,” Journal of the American Medical Association 297, no. 11 (2007): 1177–1178; Tomer E. , “Hospital Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza,” Biosecurity and Bioterrorism 4, no. 2 (2006): 207–217.

American Hospital Association, Fast Facts on US Hospitals (November 11, 2009) (on file with the author).

Halpern N. Pastores S. , “Critical Care Medicine in the United States 2000–2005: An Analysis of Bed Numbers, Occupancy Rates, Payer Mix, and Costs,” Journal of Critical Care Medicine 38, no. 1 (2010): 65–71.

Osterholm M. T. , “Preparing for the Next Pandemic,” New England Journal of Medicine 352, no. 18 (2005): 1839–1842.

Id.

Beauchamp T. L. Childress J. F. , Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009): 241.

Olsen J. A. , “Theories of Justice and Their Implications for Priority Setting in Health Care,” Journal of Health Economics 16, no. 6 (1997): 625–639.

Beauchamp Childress , supra note 8, at 243.

Uscher-Pines L. , “Planning for an Influenza Pandemic: Social Justice and Disadvantaged Groups,” Hastings Center Report 37, no. 4 (2007): 32–39. See also Powers M. Faden R. , Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006): at 81.

American Medical Association, Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association, 2008–2009 ed. (Chicago: American Medical Association 2008): At sec. 2.03, p. 10.

Beauchamp and Childress, supra note 8, at 279.

Rawls J. , A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971): at 313.

Arras J. D. , “Rationing Vaccine During an Avian Influenza Pandemic: Why It Won't Be Easy,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 78 (2005): 287–300.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Citizen Voices on Pandemic Flu Choices — A Report of the Public Engagement Pilot Project on Pandemic Influenza (2005), available at <hhs.gov/nvpo/PEPPI/PEPPICompleteFinalReport.pdf> (last visited January 2, 2010).

Boyd M. , “Pandemic Influenza: Clinical Issues,” Medical Journal of Australia 185, no. 10 (2006): S44–S47.

A similar argument is that providing medical malpractice immunity is necessary to ensure an adequate supply of volunteer physicians. See Rothstein M. A. , “Malpractice Immunity for Volunteer Physicians in Public Health Emergencies: Adding Insult to Injury,” Journal of Law Medicine and Ethics 38, no. 1 (2010): 149–153.

Coleman C. Reis A. , “Potential Penalties for Health Care Professionals Who Refuse to Work During a Pandemic,” Journal of the American Medical Association 299, no. 12 (2008): 1471–1473.

Alexander G. C. Wynia M. K. , “Ready and Willing? Physicians' Sense of Preparedness for Bioterrorism,” Health Affairs 22, no. 5 (2003): 189–197.

Schuklenk U. Gartland K. M. A. , “Confronting an Influenza Pandemic: Ethical and Scientific Issues,” Biochemical Society Transactions 34, pt. 6 (2006): 1151–1154.

Ruderman C. , “On Pandemics and the Duty to Care: Whose Duty: Who Cares?” BMC Medical Ethics 7, no. E5 (2006): 5–27; Rothstein M. A. , “Are Traditional Public Health Strategies Consistent with Contemporary American Values?” Temple Law Review 77, no. 1 (2004): 175–192.

Huber S. J. Wynia M. K. , “When Pestilence Prevails…Physician Responsibilities in Epidemics,” American Journal of Bioethics 4, no. 1 (2004): W5, W7.

American Medical Association, Policy E-9.067, Physician Obligation in Disaster Preparedness and Response (Dec. 2004), available at <ama-assn.org> (last visited February 2, 2010).

Hall T. , “Bargaining with Hippocrates: Managed Care and the Doctor-Patient Relationship,” South Carolina Law Review 54, no. 3 (2003): 689–740, 697.

Rothstein M. A. , “Quarantine and Isolation: Lessons Learned from SARS – A Report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” (2003), available at <http://louisville.edu/bioethics/publichealth/SARS.pdf/view> (last visited December 31, 2009).

Reynolds G. , “Why Were Doctors Afraid to Treat Rebecca McLester?” New York Times Magazine, Apr. 18, 2004, at 32.

See Brody H. Avery E. N. , “Medicine's Duty to Treat Pandemic Illness: Security and Vulnerability,” Hastings Center Report 39, no. 1 (2009): 40–48; Coleman C. , “Beyond the Call of Duty: Compelling Health Care Professionals to Work During an Influenza Pandemic,” Iowa Law Review 94, no. 1 (2008): 1–47; Malm H. , “Ethics, Pandemics, and the Duty to Treat,” American Journal of Bioethics 8, no. 8 (2008): 4–19; Rothstein , supra note 22.

Rawls , supra note 14, at 312.

McGorty E. K. , “Ethical Guidelines for an Influenza Pandemic,” North Carolina Medical Journal 68, no. 1 (2007): 38–42.

der Heide Auf , “The Importance of Evidence-Based Disaster Planning,” Annals of Internal Medicine 34, no. 1 (2006): 34–49; Hoey B. A. Schwab W. C. , “Level I Center Triage and Mass Casualties,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 422 (2004): 23–29.

Beauchamp and Childress, supra note 8, at 279.

Battin M. P. , The Patient as Victim and Vector: Ethics and Infectious Disease (New York: Oxford University Press 2009): At 396–397.

See Blagg C. R. , “The Early History of Dialysis for Chronic Renal Failure in the United States: A View from Seattle,” American Journal of Kidney Diseases 49, no. 3 (2007): 482–496; Fox R. C. Swazey J. P. , The Courage to Fail: A Social View of Organ Transplants and Dialysis (Edison, NJ: Transaction Publishers 2001).

Caplan A. L. Coelho D. H. , eds., The Ethics of Organ Transplantation: The Current Debate (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books 1999); Veatch R. M. Transplantation Ethics (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press 2001).

Harris J. R. , The Value of Life (London: Routlege and Kegan Paul 1985); see also Callahan D. , Setting Limits, What Kind of Life? (New York: Simon and Schuster 1990).

Hope T. , “Rationing: The Health Authority,” British Medical Journal 317, no. 7165 (1998): 1067–1069.

Smith G. P. , “Distributive Justice and Health Care,” Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 18, no. 2 (2002): 421–430.

Persad G. Wertheimer A. Emanuel E. J. , “Principles for Allocation of Scarce Medical Interventions,” The Lancet 373, no. 9661 (2009): 423–431. For a criticism of this approach, see Kerstein S. Bognard G. , “Complete Lives in the Balance,” American Journal of Bioethics 10, no. 4 (2010): 37–45.

Id., at 428.

White D. B. , “Who Should Receive Life Support During a Public Health Emergency? Using Ethical Principles to Improve Allocation Decisions,” Annals of Internal Medicine 150, no. 2 (2009): 132–139.

McGregor M. , “Cost-Utility Analysis: Use QALYs Only with Great Caution,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 168, no. 4 (2003): 433–434.

Christian M. D. , “The Development of a Triage Protocol for Critical Care During an Influenza Pandemic,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 175, no. 11 (2006): 1377–1381; Ferreira F. L. , “Serial Evaluation of the SOFA Score to Predict Outcome in Critically Ill Patients,” Journal of the American Medical Association 286, no. 14 (2001): 1754–1758.

Hick J. L. O'Laughlin D. T. , “Concept of Operations for Triage of Mechanical Ventilation in an Epidemic,” Academic Emergency Medicine 13, no. 2 (2006): 223–229.

Beauchamp Childress , supra note 8, at 277.

Arcavi L. Benovitz N. L. , “Cigarette Smoking and Infection,” Archives of Internal Medicine 164, no. 20 (2004): 2206–2216.

Berger A. W. Caporaso N. , “Cigarette Smoking,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91, no. 16 (1999): 1365–1375.

Kayman H. Ablorh-Objidja A. , “Revisiting Public Health Preparedness: Incorporating Social Justice Principles into Pandemic Preparedness Planning for Influenza,” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 12, no. 4 (2006): 373–380.

See Battin , supra note 33, at 397.

Barry J. M. , The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History (New York: Viking Adult Books 2003): 346–350.

Daniels N. Sabin J. , Setting Limits Fairly (New York: Oxford University Press 2002).

Veatch , supra note 35, at 352–362.

Gostin L. O. , “Public Health Strategies for Pandemic Influenza,” Journal of the American Medical Association 295, no. 14 (2006): 1700–1704.

See Rothstein , supra note 22.