Should a Reformed System Be Prepared for Public Health Emergencies,and What Does That Mean Anyway?

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Preparedness: Mobilizing State by State, 2008, available at <http://emergency.cdc.gov/publications/feb08phprep/pdf/feb08phprep.pdf> (last visited September 2, 2008).

Rosenbaum S. , “US Health Policy in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina,” JAMA 295, no. 4 (2006): 437–440.

Department of Homeland Security, National Response Framework, 2008, available at <http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nrf/> (last visited September 2, 2008).

Homeland Security Presidential Directive 10/National Security Presidential Directive 33, Biodefense For the 21st Century, 2004, available at <http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/20040430.html> (last visited September 2, 2008).

Homeland Security Presidential Directive 18, Medical Countermeasures against Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007, available at <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/02/20070207–2.html#> (last visited September 2, 2008).

Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21, Public Health and Medical Preparedness, 2007, available at <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071018–10.html> (last visited September 2, 2008).

Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act , Pub. L. No. 109–417, §101 et seq (2006).

See California Department of Public Health, Standards and Guidelines for Healthcare Surge During Emergencies, available at <http://bepreparedcalifornia.ca.gov/EPO/CDPHPrograms/PublicHealthPrograms/EmergencyPreparednessOffice/EPOProgramsServices/Surge/> (last visited September 8, 2009).

See supra note 1.

Trust for America's Health, Ready or Not? Protecting the Public's Health from Disease, Disasters, and Bioterrorism. 2007 available at <http://healthyamericans.org/reports/bioter-ror07/> (last visited September 8, 2008).

Department of Health and Human Services, Budget in Brief Documents from Fiscal Year 2001–2009, available at <http://www.hhs.gov/budget/docbudget.htm> (last visited September 8, 2008).

See supra note 10.

For a full description of public health preparedness needs from HIT, see CDC, Public Health Information Technology Functions and Specifications (for Emergency Preparedness and Bioterrorism) , February 14, 2002, available at <www.cdc.gov/cic/functions-specs> (last visited September 8, 2008)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “HIPAA Privacy Rule and Pubic Health: Guidance from CDC and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,” MMWR Early Release 52 (2003): 1–12, available at <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su5201a1.htm> (last visited September 8, 2008)

See supra note 10.

Toner , “Hospital Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza,” Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice and Science 4, no. 2 (2006): 207–217.

PricewaterhouseCoopers' Health Research Institute, Closing the Seams: Developing an Integrated Approach to Health System Disaster Preparedness , 2007, available at <http://pwchealth.com/cgi-local/hregister.cgi?link=reg/closingth-eseams.pdf> (last visited September 8, 2008).

Department of Health and Human Services, A Guide for Individuals and Families , 2006, available at <http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/individual/familyguide.html> (last visited September 8, 2008).

See surpa note 11.

The Center for Biosecurity of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center estimates that $1 million is needed per hospital simply to prepare for a pandemic influenza, or a total of $5 billion for the 5,000 general hospitals in the U.S. See Toner , supra note 16.