Bioethics and the National Security State

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At <http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss9.html> (last visited March 14, 2004).

Moreno J. D. , Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1999); Moreno J.D. , “‘The Only Feasible Means’: The Pentagon's Ambivalent Relationship with the Nuremberg Code,” in Bioethics, Justice, and Health Care , Teays W. Purdy L.M. , eds., (California: Wadsworth, 2000); Moreno J.D. , “Reassessing the Influence of the Nuremberg Code in American Medical Ethics,” Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 12 (1997):347–360; Faden R. , “United States Researchers, The Nazi Doctors' Trial, and the Nuremberg Code: A Review of the Findings of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments,” JAMA 276, no. 20 (1996):1667–1671; Moreno J.D. Lederer S.E. , “Revising the History of Cold War Research Ethics,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6, no. 3 (1996): 223–238.

Moreno J.D. , ed., In the Wake of Terror: Medicine and Morality in a Time of Crisis (Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press, 2003); Moreno J.D. , “Remember Saddam's Human Guinea Pigs,” The American Journal of Bioethics 3, no.2 (2003): W53; Moreno J.D. , “Human Experiments and National Security: The Need to Clarify Policy,” Cambridge Quarterly of Research Ethics 12, no. 2(2003): 192–195; Moreno J.D. , “A New World Order for Human Experiments,” Accountability in Research 10 (2003):47–56.

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The ensuing account is especially indebted to M. J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Moreno , supra note 3, at 35–36.

Hogan , supra note 7, at 235.

Id. at 241.

Moreno , supra note 3, at 136.

Id. at 137–138.

Id. at 149.

Id. at 162.

See <http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/lovett.htm> (last visited March 9, 2004).

See <http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/wilson.htm> (last visited March 9, 2004).

Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, The Human Radiation Experiments (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996): 56.

Army Regulation 70–25: Use of Volunteers as Subjects of Research, 28 March 1962.1 am grateful to Art Anderson for calling my attention to this regulation.

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See <http://www.iom.edu/project.asp?ID=4909> (last visited March 9, 2004).

See <http://deploymentlink.osd.mil/current_issues/shad/shad_tests.shtml> (last visited March 14, 2004).

Although this impression is hard to quantify, it is a conclusion reached based on my work for the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments and many conversations with agency officials.

Moreno J.D. , “Bioethics After the Terror,” American Journal of Bioethics 2 (2002): 60–64.

“Pentagon Plans to Proceed with Development of Anthrax Strain,” New York Times, September 4, 2001.

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Frey S.E. “Dose-Related Effects of Smallpox Vaccine,” New Eng. J. of Med. 346, no. 17 (2002): 1275–1280.

See <http://mrmc-www.army.mil/docs/rcq/ar70–25.pdf> (last visited March 9, 2004).

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See <http://www.jnlwd.usmc.mil/mission.asp> (last visited March 9, 2004).

Naval Studies Board, National Research Council, An Assessment of Non-Lethal Weapons Science and Technology (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003).

Moreno J.D. , “Neuroethics: An Agenda for Neuroscience and Society,” Nature Neuroscience A, no. 2 (2003): 149–153.

Moreno J.D. , “The BioShield Bonanza and Human Experimentation,” Research USA 1, no. 2 (2003): 29.

<http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss1.html> (last visited March 14, 2004).

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Dallek R. , An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 (New York: Little, Brown, 2003): 464–466.

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Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, supra note 17: 79.