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6.
RantalaR., Effects of NIBRS on Crime Statistics, Special Report, NCJ178890, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000).
7.
SaltzmanL.E.FanslowJ.L.McMahonP.M.ShelleyG.A., Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements, Version 1.0 (Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2000).
8.
See World Health Organization supra note 1 at 15.
9.
See Saltzman, supra note 6.
10.
KeaneT.GerrityE.TumaF., eds., Mental Health Consequences of Torture (New York: Kluwer Publishing, 2001): 317–331 at 317.
11.
Id. at 318.
12.
KilpatrickD.G.AciernoR.E., “Mental Health Needs of Crime Victims: Epidemiology and Outcomes,”Journal of Traumatic Stress16, no. 2 (2003): 119–132 at 125.
13.
ResnickH.S.AciernoR.KilpatrickD.G., “Health Impact of Interpersonal Violence: Section II: Medical and Mental Health Outcomes,”Behavioral Medicine23, no. 2 (1997): 65–78 at 65
14.
SchnurrP.GreenB., ends, Trauma and Health: Physical Health Consequences of Exposure to Extreme Stress. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, in press).
15.
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Costs of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the United States. (Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003): 1–2 at 2.
16.
President's Task Force on Victims of Crime, Final Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982): At 16.
17.
Id. at 118.
18.
CaspiA.McClayJ.MoffittT.E., “Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children.”Science297 (2002): 851–854 at 851
19.
WidomC. S., “The Cycle of Violence,”Science244 (1989): 160–166.
20.
See Kilpatrick supra note 4
21.
See World Health Organization supra note 1.
22.
FreedyJ.R.HobfollS.E., eds., Traumatic Stress From Theory to Practice (New York: Plenum Press, 1995): 129–161 at 151.
23.
Id.
24.
Id.
25.
KilpatrickD.G.SeymourA.K.BoyleJ., America Speaks Out: Citizens Attitudes About Victims' Rights and Violence (Arlington, VA: National Victim Center, 1991).
26.
McCallG.J., “Risk Factors and Sexual Assault Prevention,”Journal of Interpersonal Violence8 (1993); at 223–255.
27.
ReissA.J.RothJ.A., Understanding and Preventing Violence (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993).
28.
Id.
29.
Id.
30.
See Freedy supra note 19 at 152.
31.
ZawitzM.W., ed. Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice, 2nd ed. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1988).
32.
DavisR.C.LurigioA.J.SkoganW.G. eds. Victims of Crime2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997): At 232.
33.
Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Surgeon General's Workshop on Violence and Public Health (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1995).
34.
See World Health Organizationsupra note 1
35.
RosenbergM.L.MercyJ.A., eds. Violence in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
36.
See Freedy supra note 19 at 153.
37.
See World Health Organizationsupra note 1 at 31–34.
38.
See National Center for Injury Prevention in Controlsupra note 14 at 48
39.
See World Health Organizationsupra note 1 at 35.
40.
See World Health Organizationsupra note 1.
41.
See DavisR.C.LurigioA.J.SkoganW.G.supra note 29 at 183.
42.
Id at 231
43.
See KeaneT.GerrityE.TumaF., eds. supra note 10 at 319
44.
See DavisR.C.LurigioA.J.SkoganW.G.supra note 29 at 195.
45.
Id at 195.
46.
See President's Task Force on Victims of Crime supra note 15 at 5.
47.
Id at 114.
48.
Id at 114.
49.
See DavisR.C.LurigioA.J.SkoganW.G.supra note 31 at 236 for a discussion of why many criminal justice system officials are reluctant to provide victims with enforceable rights.
50.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, New Directions from the Field: Victims' Rights and Services for the 21st Century (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1998).
51.
Id at 3.
52.
See DavisR.C.LurigioA.J.SkoganW.G.supra note 31 at 236.
53.
See KeaneT.GerrityE.TumaF., eds. supra note 9 at 322.
54.
See New Directions supra note 43: 325–353 at 330. More information about crime victim's compensation is provided in chapter 14 of New Directions.
55.
Id.
56.
Urban Institute, The National Evaluation of State Victims of Crime Act Assistance and Compensation Programs: Trends and Strategies for the Future (San Diego, CA: Urban Institute, 2003).
57.
See KilpatrickSeymourBoylesupra note 22.
58.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, The Rights of Crime Victims — Does Legal Protection Make a Difference?’(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1998) at 1.
59.
See DavisR.C.LurigioA.J.SkoganW.G.supra note 29 at 232
60.
See U.S. Department of Justicesupra note 51 at 1–2
61.
See New Directionssupra note 43 at 8
62.
See DavisR.C.LurigioA.J.SkoganW.G.supra note 29 at 196.
63.
Id at 232.
64.
Id at 241.
65.
Id at 232.
66.
See U.S. Department of Justice supra note 51 at 3–11 for a summary of project methodology and findings.
67.
See U.S. Department of Justice supra note 51 at 10.
68.
See New Directions supra note 43: 9–12 at 9.
69.
Id at 11.
70.
See President's Task Force on Victims of Crimesupra note 15 at 114