Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Guidelines for defining public health research and public health non-research,”available at: <http://www.cdc.gov/od/ads/opspoll1.htm> (last visited November 4, 2003).
4.
BurrisS.BuehlerJ.LazarriniZ.“Applying the Common Rule to public health agencies: Questions and tentative answers about a public health exemption,”Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics31 (2003): 633–648.
5.
RubinsteinH.G., “If 1 am Only for Myself, What am I? A Communitarian Look at the Privacy Stalemate,”American Journal of Law and Medicine, 25 (1999): 203–31; KassN.E., “An Ethics Framework for Public Health,”American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 1776–1782; ChildressJ.F.FadenR.R.GaareR.D., “Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain,”Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30 (2002): 170–178.
6.
National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Ethical and policy issues in research involving human participants. (Vol. I. Bethesda, Maryland: National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 2001): At 36.
7.
McWilliamsR.Hoover-FongJ.HamoshA.BeckS.BeatyT.CuttingG., “Problematic variation in local institutional review of a multicenter genetic epidemiology study,”JAMA, 290(3) (2003): 360–366.
8.
BehH.G., “The Role of Institutional Review Boards in Protecting Human Subjects: Are We Really Ready to fix a Broken System?”Law & Psychology Review26 (2002): 1–47; AlcarazR.KlonoffE.A.LandrineH., “The Effects on Children of Participating in Studies of Minors' Access to Tobacco,”Preventive Medicine, 26(2) (1997): 236–240.
9.
WedeenR. P., “Consent in Epidemiology: Implications of History for Public Policy,”Archives of Environmental Health, 55(4) (2000): 231–239; WeedenR.P., “Ethics in Public Health Institutions,”American Journal of Public Health, 92(12) (2002): 1884–1885.
10.
CallahanD.JenningsB., “Ethics and Public Health: Forging a Strong Relationship,”American Journal of Public Health, 92 (2002): 169–176; SteinbergK.K., “Ethical Challenges at the Beginning of the Millennium,”Statistics in Medicine, 20 (2001): 1415–1419.
11.
SchwartzJ., “Oversight of Human Subject Research: The Role of the States,”Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants, (Vol. II. Bethesda, Maryland: National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 2001): M1–M20.
12.
NY Pub Health Law § 2441 (2003).
13.
Protection of Human Subjects in Medical Experimentation Act, Cal. Health and Safety Code §§ 24170 et seq (2003).
PrittsJ.GoldmanJ.HudsonZ.BerensonA.HadleyE., “The State of Health Privacy: An Uneven Terrain: A Comprehensive Survey of State Health Privacy Statutes, (2001), available at <http://www.georgetown.edu/research/ihcrp/privacy/statereport.pdf> (last visited November 4, 2003).
18.
NE Stat § 71–522 (2003); OR Stat § 433.295 (2003).
19.
CT Stat § 19a-56a (2003); ID Stat § 57–1704 (2003); KS Stat § 211.660 (2003); OK Stat 63:1–552 (2003); TN Stat 68-5-506 (2003).
20.
RouashS.BirkheadG.KooD.CobbA.FlemingD., “Mandatory Reporting of Diseases and Conditions by Health Care Professionals and Laboratories,”JAMA, 282 (1999): 164–70.
21.
AR Stat §§ 20-7-301 et seq (2003); Ga Stat 31-7-280 et seq (2003); NH Stat §§ 126:25 et seq (2003); OK Stat tit 63 §§ 1–115 et seq (2003); VA Stat §§ 32.1–276.1 et seq (2003).
22.
OK Stat ti 63 § 1–106 (2003); RI ST 23-1-1 (2003).
23.
ND Stat 23–01.3–04 (2003).
24.
ND Stat 23–01.3.04 (2003).
25.
GostinL.O., “Health Information Privacy,”Cornell Law Review80 (1995): 451–528.; GostinL.O.LazzariniZ.NeslundV.S.OsterholmM.T., “The Public Health Information Infrastructure: A National Review of the Law on Health Information Privacy,”JAMA, 275 (1996): 1921–1927.
26.
WA Stat § 70.02.050 (2003); MA Stat 111 § 119 (2003).
27.
CT Stat § 19a-25 (2003).
28.
35 P.S. § 521.15 (2003); SD Stat § 34-22-12.1 (2003).
29.
MA Stat 111 § 119 (2003).
30.
DC Code § 7–131 (2003).
31.
NY Pub Health Law 206(1)(d) (2003); NH Stat 126:1 (2003); Idaho Code § 39–610 (2003).
32.
DE Stat Ti 16 sec. 1231 (2003).
33.
Com. v. Moore, 584 A.2d 936, 526 Pa. 152 (1991).
34.
FL Stat § 381.85 (2003).
35.
GostinL.O., Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000): At 70–83; GostinL.O.BurrisS.LazzariniZ., “The Law and the Public's Health: A Study of Infectious Disease Law in the United States,”Columbia Law Review, 59 (1999): 59–128.
36.
Jew Ho v. Williamson, 103 F. 10 (C.C.N.D. Cal. 1900); School Board of Nassau County v. Arline, 480 U.S. 273 (1987); BayerR., Private Acts, Social Consequences: AIDS and the Politics of Public Health (New York: The Free Press, McMillian, Inc., 1989).
37.
GostinL.O.FeldblumC.WebberD., “Disability Discrimination in America: HIV/AIDS and other Health Conditions,”JAMA, 281 (1999): 745–752.
38.
BarronP.GoldsteinS.J.WishnevK.L., “State Statutes Dealing with HIV and AIDS: A Comprehensive State-by-State Summary,”Law & Sexuality, 5 (1995): 1–68.
39.
LazzariniZ., “A Legal Framework for Clinical Trials in Correctional Settings,”Med Health R I., 83 (2000): 386–389; LazzariniZ.AlticeF.L., “A Review of the Legal and Ethical Issues for the Conduct of HIV-Related Research in Prisons,”AIDS Public Policy Journal, 15 (2000): 105–35.
40.
GostinL.HodgeJ., “The ‘Names Debate’: The Case for National HIV Reporting in the United States,”Albany Law Review, 61 (1998): 679–743.
41.
BayerR., “The Ethics of Blinded HIV Surveillance Testing,”American Journal of Public Health, 83(4) (1993): 496–497; FairchildA.L.BayerR., “Uses and Abuses of Tuskegee,”Science, 284 (5416) (1999): 919–921.
42.
BurrisS.GostinL.O.TressD., “Public Health Surveillance of Genetic Information: Ethical and Legal Responses to Social Risk,” In: KhouryM.BurkeW.ThomsonE., eds. Genetics and Public Health in the 21st Century: Using Genetic Information to Improve Health and Prevent Disease, (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000): 527–548.
43.
See Alcarez, supra note 8; NelsonK.GarciaR.E.BrownJ., “Do Patient Consent Procedures Affect Participation Rates in Health Services Research?”Medical Care.40(4) (2002): 283–288; YawnB.P.YawnR.A.GeierG.R.XiaZ.JacobsenS.J., “The Impact of Requiring Patient Authorization for Use of Data in Medical Records Research,”Journal of Family Practice, 47, no. 5 (1998): 361–365.
44.
ShaversV.L.LynchC.F.BurmeisterL.F., “Knowledge of the Tuskegee Study and its Impact on the Willingness to Participate in Medical Research Studies,”Journal of the National Medical Association, 92, no. 12 (2000): 563–572.
45.
See Kass, supra note 5; O'NeillO., “Public Health or Clinical Ethics: Thinking Beyond Borders,”Ethics and International Affairs, 16 (2002): 35–45.
46.
See Kass, supra note 5; See Childress, supra note 5; See CallahanJennings, supra note 10; ThomasJ.C.SageM.DillenbergJ.GuilloryV.J., “A Code of Ethics for Public Health,”American Journal of Public Health, 92 (2002): 1057–1059; MannJ.M., “Medicine and Public Health, Ethics and Human Rights,”Hastings Center Report, 27 (1997): 6; Institute of Medicine.”Who Will Keep the Public Healthy? Educating Public Health Professionals for the 21st Century, (Washington: National Academy of Sciences, 2002).
47.
ChalmersD.PettitP., “Towards a Consensual Culture in the Ethical Review of Research,”Med J Aust.169 (1998): 79–82.
48.
AyresI.BraithwaiteJ., Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate, (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992); OsborneD.GaeblerT., Reinventing Government (New York: Plume, 1993).
49.
TeubnerG., “Juridification: Concepts, Aspects, Limits, Solutions,” In: TeubnerG., ed. Juridification of Social Spheres: A Comparative Analysis in the Areas of Labour, Corporate, Antitrust and Social and Welfare Law, (Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 1987): 389–435; BardachE., The Implementation Game, (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977).
50.
AyresI.BraithwaiteJ., supra note 48; BlackJ., “Proceduralizing Regulation: Part I,”Oxford Journal of Leg Studies, 20(4) (2000): 597–614; BlackJ., “Proceduralizing Regulation: Part II,”Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 21(1) (2001): 33–58; MoranM., “Review Article: Understanding the Regulatory State,”British Journal of Political Science, 32 (2002): 391–413; ShearingC.A., “Constitutive Conception of Regulation,” In: GraboskyP.BraithwaiteJ., eds. Business Regulation and Australia's Future, (Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 1993).