Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217 A (III), U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948): at Article 25, available at <http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html>.
TelzakE.E., “Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Patients Without HIV Infection,”N. Engl. J. Med., 333 (1995): 907–11; MitnickC., “Treatment Outcomes in 75 Patients with Chronic Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Enrolled in Aggressive Community-Based Therapy in Urban Peru,”International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 5, no. 11, suppl. 1 (2001): S156; FarmerP.E., “Preliminary Results of Community-Based MDRTB Treatment in Lima, Peru,”International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2, no. 11, suppl. 2 (1998): S371; FarmerP.E., “Responding to Outbreaks of MDRTB: Introducing ‘DOTS-Plus,’” in ReichmanL.B. and HershfieldE.S., eds., Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive International Approach, 2d ed. (New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1999): 447–69; TahaoğluK., “The Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Turkey,”N. Engl. J. Med., 345 (2001): 170–74.
4.
Amnesty International, Torture in Russia: “This Man-Made Hell” (London: Amnesty International, 1997): at 31.
5.
VezhinaNatalyaDr., Medical Director, TB Colony 33, Mariinsk, Kemerovo, Russian Federation; interview by author (Farmer), Mariinsk, September 1998.
6.
AlexanderA., “Money Isn't the Issue; It's (Still) Political Will,”TB Monitor, 5, no. 5 (1998): 53.
7.
See Farmer (1998), supra note 3.
8.
See CampbellD., “Herskovits, Cultural Relativism and Metascience,” in HerskovitsM., ed., Cultural Relativism: Perspectives in Cultural Pluralism (New York: Random House, 1972): 289–315; GeertzC., “Anti-anti-relativism,”American Anthropologist, 86 (1984): 263–78; HatchE., Culture and Morality: The Relativity of Values in Anthropology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983); RentelnA.D., “Relativism and the Search for Human Rights,”American Anthropologist, 90 (1988): 56–72; SchmidtP.F., “Some Criticisms of Cultural Relativism,”Journal of Philosophy, 70 (1955): 780–91.
See FarmerP.E., “Community-Based Approaches to HIV Treatment in Resource-Poor Settings,”Lancet, 358 (2001): 404–09.
11.
SteinerH. and AlstonP., International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996): at vi.
12.
NeierA., War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror, and the Struggle for Justice (New York: Times Books, 1998): at 75.
13.
Cited in Steiner and Alston, supra note 11, at 141 (emphasis in the original).
14.
MillenJ.V. and HoltzT.H., “Dying for Growth, Part I: Transnational Corporation and the Health of the Poor,” in KimJ.Y., eds., Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000): 177–223, at 185.
15.
See FarmerP.E., “Cruel and Unusual: Drug Resistant Tuberculosis as Punishment,” in SternV. and JonesR., eds., Sentenced to Die? The Problem of TB in Prisons in East and Central Europe and Central Asia (London: International Centre for Prison Studies, 1999): 70–88; WilkinsonR.G., Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality (London: Routledge, 1997); KawachiI., “Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality,”American Journal of Public Health, 87 (1997): 1491–98; LeclercA., eds., Les Inégalités Sociales de Santé (Paris: Éditions la Découverte et Syros, 2000).
16.
See WhiteheadM., “Setting Targets to Address Inequalities in Health,”Lancet, 351 (1998): 1279–82.
17.
FarmerP.E., “The Significance of Haiti,” in North American Congress on Latin America, ed., Haiti: Dangerous Crossroads (Boston: South End Press, 1995): 217–30.
18.
See ConcannonB., “Beyond Complementarity: The International Criminal Court and National Prosecutions, A View from Haiti,”Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 32, no. 1 (2000): 201–50.
19.
See Oficina los Derechos Humanos del Arzobispado de Guatemala (ODHAG), Guatemala: Nunca Más (Guatemala: Informe Proyecto Interdiocesano de Recuperación de la Memoria Historica, 1998).
20.
See Neier, supra note 12, at 33.
21.
See NeierA., “What Should be Done About the Guilty?,”The New York Review of Books, February 1, 1990, at 32–35.
22.
See GuillermoprietoA., The Heart that Bleeds: Latin America Now (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994); ChomskyN., Turning the Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (Boston: South End Press, 1985); LaFeberW., Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York: WW Norton, 1984).
23.
BourdieuP., ed., La Misère du Monde (Paris: Seuil, 1993): at 944.
24.
See AsadT., ed., Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (London: Ithaca Press and Humanities, 1975); HymesD., “The Uses of Anthropology: Critical, Political, Personal,” in HymesD., ed., Reinventing Anthropology (New York: Random House, 1974): 3–79; BerremanG.D., “Bringing It All Back Home: Malaise in Anthropology,” in HymesD., ed., Reinventing Anthropology (New York: Random House, 1974): 83–98.
25.
See FarmerP.E., The Uses of Haiti (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994); HancockG., The Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989).
26.
See WallersteinI., “The Insurmountable Contradictions of Liberalism: Human Rights and the Rights of Peoples in the Geoculture of the Modern World-System,”South Atlantic Quarterly, 46 (1995): 1161–78.
27.
QuinnT., “Viral Load and Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1,”N. Engl. J. Med., 342 (2000): 921–29; CohenM.S., “Preventing Sexual Transmission of HIV—New Ideas from Sub-Saharan Africa,”N. Engl. J. Med., 342 (2000): 970–72; AngellM., “Investigators' Responsibilities for Human Subjects in Developing Countries,”N. Engl. J. Med., 342 (2000): 967–69; GrecoD., “The Ethics of Research in Developing Countries,”N. Engl. J. Med., 343 (2000): 362.
28.
FarmerP.E., AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
S. Marcos and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Shadows of Tender Fury: The Letters and Communiqués of Subcomandante Marcos and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995): at 54.
33.
Physicians for Human Rights, Health Care Held Hostage: Human Rights Violations and Violations of Medical Neutrality in Chiapas, Mexico (Boston: Physicians for Human Rights, 1999): at 4.
34.
See Concannon, supra note 18.
35.
DannerM., “The Truth of El Mozote,”The New Yorker (December 6, 1993): 50–133, at 132. Danner quotes from the Truth Commission's report, From Madness to Hope: The Twelve-Year War in El Salvador.
36.
See Physicians for Human Rights, supra note 33, at 4.
37.
VirchowR.L.K., Die Einheitsrebungen in der Wissenschaftlichen Median (Berlin: Druck und Verlag von G. Reimer, 1849); EisenbergL., “Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow, Where Are You Now That We Need You?,”American Journal of Medicine, 77 (1984): 524–32.
38.
MannJ. and TarantolaD., “Responding to HIV/AIDS: A Historical Perspective,”Health and Human Rights, 2, no. 4, (1998): 5–8, at 8.
39.
SimonovIvan Nikitovich, Chief Inspector of Prisons (now with the Chief Board of Punishment Execution), Ministry of Internal Affairs, Russian Federation; interview by author (Farmer), Moscow, June 4, 1998.
40.
HenkinL., International Law: Politics, Values and Functions: General Course on Public International Law (Boston: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1990): at 208.
41.
See SchachterO., International Law in Theory and Practice (Boston: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1991): at 6.
42.
See Neier, supra note 12, at xiii.
43.
See Steiner and Alston, supra note 11, at viii.
44.
See FarmerP.E., Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999): at 18.
45.
NeugebauerR., “Research on Violence in Developing Countries: Benefits and Perils,”American Journal of Public Health, 89, no. 10 (1999): 1473–74, at 1474.
46.
MannJ., “AIDS and Human Rights: Where Do We Go From Here?,”Health and Human Rights, 3, no. 1 (1998): 143–49, at 145–46.