Health and the Governance of Security: A Tale of Two Systems

Gostin L.O. , Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000): at 48.

Gordon-Larsen P. , “Determinants of Adolescent Physical Activity and Inactivity Patterns,” Pediatrics, 105 (2000): E83. But see Romero A.J. , “Are Perceived Neighborhood Hazards a Barrier to Physical Activity in Children?,” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155 (2001): 1143–48.

Sampson R. and Morenoff J. , “Public Health and Safety in Context: Lessons from Community-Level Theory on Social Capital,” in Smedley B. and Syme S.L. , eds., Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000): 366–89.

Aral S.O. and Holmes K.K. , “Social and Behavioral Determinants of the Epidemiology of STDs: Industrialized and Developing Countries,” in Holmes K.K. , eds., Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1999): 39–76.

Holmes K.K. , and Aral S.O. , “Behavioral Interventions in Developing Countries,” in Wasserheit J.N. Aral S.O. , and Holmes K.K. , eds., Research Issues in Human Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the AIDS Era (Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1992): 318–44.

Holmes and Aral , supra note 5; Laumann E.O. and Youm Y. , “Racial/Ethnic Group Differences in the Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States: A Network Explanation,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 26, no. 5 (1999): 250–61.

Wilson W.J. , The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).

Sampson R.J. Raudenbush S. , and Earls F. , “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy,” Science, 277 (1997): 918–24; Sampson R.J. Morenoff J. , and Earls F. , “Beyond Social Capital: Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children,” American Sociological Review, 64 (1999): 633–60.

Kawachi I. and Berkman L. , “Social Cohesion, Social Capital and Health,” in Berkman L. and Kawachi I. , eds., Social Epidemiology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 174–90.

Kawachi I. , “Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality,” American Journal of Public Health, 87 (1997): 1491–98.

Anderson R.M. , “Transmission Dynamics of Sexually Transmitted Infections,” in Holmes K.K. , eds., Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1999): 25–37.

Holmes and Aral , supra note 5.

Aral S.O. , “Determinants of STD Epidemics: Implications for Phase Appropriate Intervention Strategies,” Sexually Transmitted Infections (2002, forthcoming); Aral S.O. , “Editorial: Sexual Network Patterns as Determinants of STD Rates: Paradigm Shift in the Behavioral Epidemiology of STDs Made Visible,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 26, no. 5 (1999): 262–64.

Aral S.O. and Wasserheit J.N. , “STD-Related Health Care Seeking and Health Service Delivery,” in Holmes K.K. , eds., Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1999): 1295–305.

Ghani A.C. and Garnett G.P. , “Risks of Acquiring and Transmitting Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Sexual Partner Networks,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 27 (2000): 579–87.

Aral S.O. and St. Lawrence J.S. , “The Ecology of Sex Work and Drug Use in Saratov Oblast, Russia,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases (2002, forthcoming); Aral S.O. , “The Social Organization of Commercial Sex Work in Moscow, Russia,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases (2002, forthcoming).

Tichonova L. , “Epidemics of Syphilis in the Russian Federation: Trends, Origins and Priorities for Control,” Lancet (1997): 210–13.

Burris S. Kawachi I. , and Sarat A. , “Integrating Law and Social Epidemiology,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30, no. 4 (2002): 510–21; Kennedy B.P. Kawachi I. , and Brainerd E. , “The Role of Social Capital in the Russian Mortality Crisis,” World Development, 26 (1998): 2029–43.

Burris Kawachi , and Sarat , supra note 18.

Aral , supra note 16.

Montgomery R , “Outreach Activities: A Successful HIV/AIDS and STD Prevention Strategy among Female Commercial Street Sex Workers in Moscow, Russia,” presentation to the XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, South Africa, July 2000, Abstract No. MoOrD256.

Aral and St. Lawrence , supra note 16.

Trebucq A. , “Tuberculosis in Prisons,” Lancet, 353 (1999): 2244–45; Holden C. , “Stalking a Killer in Russia's Prisons,” Science, 286 (1999): 1670.

See, e.g., Friedman S.R. Perlis T. , and Des Jarlais D.C. , “Laws Prohibiting Over-the-Counter Syringe Sales to Injection Drug Users: Relations to Population Density, HIV Prevalence, and HIV Incidence,” American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 791–93; Koester S. , “Copping, Running, and Paraphernalia Laws: Contextual and Needle Risk Behavior Among Injection Drug Users in Denver,” Human Organization, 53 (1994): 287–95; Rich J.D. , “High Street Prices of Syringes Correlate with Strict Syringe Possession Laws,” American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 26 (2000): 481–87; Bluthenthal R.N. , “Drug Paraphernalia Laws and Injection-Related Infectious Disease Risk Among Drug Injectors,” Journal of Drug Issues, 29 (1999): 1–16; Bluthenthal R.N. , “Impact of Law Enforcement on Syringe Exchange Programs: A Look at Oakland and San Francisco,” Medical Anthropology, 18 (1997): 61–83; Groseclose S.L. , “Impact of Increased Legal Access to Needles and Syringes on Practices of Injecting-Drug Users and Police Officers — Connecticut, 1992–1993,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology, 10 (1995): 82–89.

Garland David , The Culture of Control (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001); Stern V. , A Sin Against the Future: Imprisonment in the World (New York: Penguin Books, 1998); Stein J. , The Cult of Efficiency (Toronto: Anansi, 2001).

Garland , supra note 27; Feeley M. and Simon J. , “The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications,” Criminology, 30 (1992): 449–74; O'Malley P. , “Volatile and Contradictory Punishment,” Theoretical Criminology, 3, no. 2 (1999): 175–96.

See, e.g., Stern , supra note 27.

Garland , supra note 27, at 20.

For an overview, see Strang H. and Braithwaite J. , eds., Restorative Justice and Civil Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

See Felson M. and Clarke R.V. , eds., Business and Crime Prevention (New York: Criminal Justice Press, 1997).

For further examples, see Clarke R.V. , “Situational Crime Prevention,” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 19 (1995): 91–150.

Shearing C. , “Punishment and the Changing Face of Governance,” Punishment and Society, 3, no. 2 (2001): 203–20.

Stern , supra note 27; Stein , supra note 27; Christie N. , Crime Control as Industry: Towards Gulags, Western Style (New York: Routledge, 1993); Crawford A. , “Community Safety and the Quest for Security: Holding Back the Dynamics of Social Exclusion,” Policy Studies, 19, nos. 3 and 4 (1998): 237–53.

Bayley D.H. and Shearing C. , “The Future of Policing,” Law & Society Review, 30 (1996): 585–606.

See Johnston L. and Shearing C. , Governing Security (London: Routledge, 2002).

See, e.g., Hayek F.A. , The Fatal Conceit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).

See, e.g., Osborne D. and Gaebler T. , Reinventing Government (New York: Plume, 1993).

E.g., id.

McGrew A. , “Power Shift: From National Government to Global Governance?,” in Held D. , ed., A Globalising World? Culture, Economics, Politics (London: Routledge, 2000): 127–66; Castells M. , End of Millennium, vol. 5 of The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998).

Johnston L. , Policing Britain: Risk, Security and Governance (Harlow, England: Ashgate, 2000); Bayley D. and Shearing C. , The New Structure of Policing: Description, Conceptualization and Research Agenda (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2000).

Bayley and Shearing , supra note 43; Bayley and Shearing , supra note 37.

Shearing C. and Stenning P. “Private Security: Implications for Social Control,” Social Problems, 30, no. 5 (1983): 493–506; Rigakos G. and Greener D. , “Bubbles of Governance: Private Policing and the Law in Canada,” Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 15, no. 1 (2000): 145–84.

See, e.g., “Transforming Security: A South African Experiment,” in Strang H. and Braithwaite J. , eds., Restorative Justice and Civil Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001): 14–34.

In Zimbabwe, Hayekian concepts have been mobilized to promote systems of regulation that draw upon local knowledge and capacity. Wallop describes the effects of a system giving communities control over the local elephant population: “ownership of elephants by communities, led to [the] proliferation [of elephant populations as]… individuals in the affected communities came to recognise that keeping an elephant alive today might well mean a better life for their families tomorrow. Villagers guard against poachers, cull elephant herds to prevent overpopulation and protect their investment in future ivory production and safari income. Zimbabwe's elephant population has grown from 30,000 to more than 70,000 over the past two decades.” Wallop M. , “Privatising the Planet: An Alternative Vision of Environmental Protection,” Government Union Review, 15, no. 3 (1994): 40–49, at 44.

For a more extensive review of this paper, see Roche D. , “Restorative Justice and the Regulatory State in South Africa,” British Journal of Criminology (2002, forthcoming).

See Wallop , supra note 48.

Roche , supra note 49.

This data and the data presented on the Zwelethemba Model in this paper were collected and analyzed by the Community Peace Programme under the direction of Clifford Shearing.

Israel B. , “Review of Community-Based Research: Assessing Partnership Approaches to Improve Public Health,” Annual Review of Public Health, 19 (1998): 173–202.

Link B.G. and Phelan J. , “Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease,” Journal of Health & Social Behavior, extra issue (1995): 80–94; Burris Kawachi , and Sarat , supra note 18.

For a detailed discussion, see Burris Kawachi , and Sarat , supra note 18.

Kawachi , supra note 10; Kawachi I. Kennedy B.P. , and Wilkinson R.G. , “Crime: Social Disorganization and Relative Deprivation,” Social Science & Medicine, 48, no. 6 (1999): 719–31.

Kawachi I. Kennedy B.P. , and Glass R. , “Social Capital and Self-Rated Health: A Contextual Analysis,” American Journal of Public Health, 89 (1999): 1187–93.

See Wilson J.Q. and Kelling G.L. , “The Police and Neighborhood Safety: Broken Windows,” Atlantic Monthly, March 1982, at 29–38.