Injury as a Field of Public Health: Achievements and Controversies

Loimer H. Driur M. Guarnieri M. , “Accidents and Acts of God: A History of the Terms,” American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 101–07.

Baker S.P. , “Injury Science Comes of Age,” JAMA, 262 (1989): 2284–85.

Gordon J.E. , “The Epidemiology of Accidents,” American Journal of Public Health, 39 (1949): 504–15.

Gibson J.J. , “The Contribution of Experimental Psychology to the Formulation of the Problem of Safety: A Brief for Basic Research,” in Jacobs H.H. , eds., Behavioral Approaches to Accident Research (New York: Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, 1961): at 77–89.

Haddon W. Jr. , “The Changing Approach to the Epidemiology, Prevention, and Amelioration of Trauma: The Transition to Approaches Etiologically Rather Than Descriptively Based,” American Journal of Public Health, 58, no. 8 (1968): 1431–38.

Id.

National Research Council, Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1966).

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Injury in America: A Continuing Public Health Problem (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1985).

Id. at 2.

National Research Council, Injury Control: A Review of the Status and Progress of the Injury Control Program at the Centers for Disease Control (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988).

Bonnie R.J. Fulco C.E. Liverman C.T. , eds., Committee on Injury Prevention and Control, Institute of Medicine, Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999) [hereinafter IOM Injury Report].

Id. at viii.

Thompson B. , “The Science of Violence: Guns, Politics and the Public Health,” Washington Post Magazine, March 20, 1998.

Bonnie Fulco Liverman , supra note 11, at viii.

Id.

Fingerhut L. , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, personal communication with Richard Bonnie, October 2001. See generally Fingerhut L.A. Warner M. , Injury Chartbook. Health, United States, 1996–97 (Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics, 1997).

Miller T.R. , “Medical-Care Spending — United States;” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 43, no. 32 (1994): 581–86.

MacKenzie E. , personal communication with Richard Bonnie, 1998.

IOM Injury Report, supra note 11

See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Update: Years of Potential Life Lost Before Age 65 — United States, 1988 and 1989,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 40, no. 4 (1991): 60–62;.

Waller J.A. , “Reflections on a Half-Century of Injury Control,” American Journal of Public Health, 84, no. 4 (1994): 664–70.

See National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, supra note 8.

Id. at 44.

Id.

Id. at 45.

See National Research Council, supra note 10, at 35.

A major National Research Council report defined violence as “behavior by persons against persons that intentionally threatens, attempts, or actually inflicts physical harm…. [The definition] excludes consideration of human behavior that inflicts physical harm unintentionally. Also excluded are certain behaviors that inflict physical harm intentionally: violence against oneself, as in suicides and attempted suicides….” National Research Council, Understanding and Preventing Violence (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993): at 35–36.

See, e.g., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Justice, Surgeon General's Workshop on Violence and Public Health. October 27–29, 1985, DHHS Pub. No. HRS-D-MC-86-1 (Rockville, Maryland: Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1986);.

Rosenberg M.L. Fenley M.A. , eds., Violence in America. A Public Health Approach (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991)

National Research Council, supra note 25

National Research Council, Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998).

See, e.g., Karlson T.A. Hargarten S.W. , Reducing Firearm Injury and Death: A Public Health Sourcebook on Guns (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1997).

Moore M.H. , “Violence and Intentional Injury: Criminal Justice and Public Health Perspectives on an Urgent National Problem,” in Consequences and Control, vol. 4 of Understanding Violent Behavior (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1994).

See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11.

Chiu A.Y. Perez P.E. Parker R.N. , “Impact of Banning Alcohol on Outpatient Visits in Barrow, Alaska,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 1775–77;.

Landen M.G. , “Alcohol-Related Injury Death and Alcohol Availability in Remote Alaska,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 1755–58.

Kitzman H. , “Effect of Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses on Pregnancy Outcomes, Childhood Injuries and Repeated Childbearing: A Randomized Control Trial,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 644–52;.

Olds D.L. , “Long-Term Effects of Home Visitation on Maternal Life Course and Child Abuse and Neglect,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 637–43.

Hassall C. Trethowan W.H. , “Suicide in Birmingham,” British Medical Journal, 1, no. 5802 (1972): 717–18.

U.S. Public Health Service, The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Suicide (Rockville, Maryland: Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1999).

See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11.

Bijur P.E. , “What's in a Name? Comments on the Use of the Terms ‘Accident’ and ‘Injury,’” Injury Prevention, 1, no. 1 (1995): 9–10.

Avery J.G. , “Accident Prevention — Injury Control — Injury Prevention — or Whatever?,” Injury Prevention, 1, no. 1 (1995): 10–11.

See Bijur , supra note 35

IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 28.

See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 28–29.

Id. at 29.

Id. at 30.

Id. at 262–65.

See National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, supra note 8, at 16.

See National Research Council, supra note 10.

Cook P.J. , “The Technology of Personal Violence,” in Tonry M. , ed., Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991): At 1–71;.

Zimring F.E. Hawkins G. , Crime Is Not the Problem: Lethal Violence in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Sue Mallonee , Oklahoma Department of Health, personal communication with Richard Bonnie, 2001.

Children's Safety Network, Injury Prevention Professionals: A National Directory (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 1998).

IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 31–32.

See Haddon , supra note 5.

The tension between behavioral and environmental perspectives is explored in eleven papers in “Children's Injuries: Prevention and Public Policy,” a special theme issue of the Journal of Social Issues, 43, no. 2 (1987). The issue editors were M.C. Roberts and EH. Brooks.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), “Seat Belt Use by Drivers and Passengers Reaches 73%, NHTSA Reports,” press release, August 30, 2001, available at <http://www.dot.gov/affairs/nhtsa4701.htm>; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Motor Vehicle Safety: A 20th Century Public Health Achievement,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48, no. 18 (1999): 369.

Graham J.D. , “Injuries from Traffic Crashes: Meeting the Challenge,” Annual Review of Public Health, 14 (1993): 515–43.

See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, supra note 50.

Fischoff B. , Acceptable Risk (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

See Mashaw J. Harfst D. , The Struggle for Auto Safety (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).

See, e.g., Harris J. , “Qualifying the Value of Life,” Journal of Medical Ethics, 13 (1987): 117–23.

See International Union v. OSHA, 937 F.2d 1310 (D.C. Cir. 1991).

See generally Rabinowitz R. Hager M. , “Designing Health and Safety: Workplace Hazard Protection in the United States and Canada,” Cornell International Law Journal, 33 (2000): 373–434.

Soon after President George Bush took office, Congress passed, and President Bush signed, Senate Joint Resolution 6, rescinding the Clinton Administration's long-awaited ergonomics rule. On April 5, 2002, the Secretary of Labor announced a new four-pronged guideline-based approach toward reducing musculoskeletal disorders. See Occupational Safety and Health Reporter, 32 (April 1, 2002): 338–41.

See, e.g., Sullum J. , “What the Doctor Orders,” Reason (January 1996): 20–27.

See Bonnie R.J. , “The Efficacy of Law as a Paternalistic Instrument,” in Melton G. , ed., Nebraska Symposium on Human Motivation, 1985: Law as a Behavioral Instrument (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986): 131–211

IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 82–107.

See text at note 19, supra.

Graham J.D. , “The Cost-Effectiveness of Air Bags by Seating Position,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 1418–25;.

Max W Stark B. Root S. , “Putting a Lid on Injury Costs: The Economic Impact of the California Motorcycle Helmet Law,” Journal of Trauma, 45, no. 3 (1998): 550–56.

See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11

Compare Dworkin G. , “Paternalism,” Monist, 56 (1972): 64–84

with Dworkin G. , “Second Thoughts about Paternalism,” in Sartorius R. , ed., Paternalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983): At 105.

See Bonnie , supra note 58, at 133.

See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 100–01.

See Graham , supra note 60.

Rivara F.P. Grossman D.C. Cummings P. , “Injury Prevention” (first of two parts), N. Engl. J. Med., 337, no. 8 (1997): 543–48;.

Rivara F.P. Grossman D.C. Cummings P. , “Injury Prevention” (second of two parts), N. Engl. J. Med., 337, no. 9 (1997): 613–18.

Institute of Medicine, The Future of Public Health (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988).

Institute of Medicine, Healthy Communities, (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996): at 39.

IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 200.

See Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Healthy People 2010,” at <http://www.health.gov/healthypeople/About/hpfact.htm> (last updated November 1, 2001).

Moody A.E. , “Conditional Federal Grants: Can the Government Undercut Lobbying by Non-Profits through Conditions Placed on Federal Grants?,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 24 (1996): 113–58.

IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 200–01.

Bero L.A. Glantz S.A. Rennie D. , “Publication Bias and Public Health Policy on Environmental Tobacco Smoke,” JAMA, 272 (1994): 133–36.