The Doctor-Proxy Relationship: Perception and Communication

See Singer P.A. Martin D.K. , and Kelner M. , “Quality End-of-Life Care: Patients' Perspectives,” JAMA, 281 (1999): 163–68; Kaufman S.R. , “Intensive Care, Old Age, and the Problem of Death in America,” Gerontologist, 38 (1998): 715–25; Post L.F. and Dubler N.N. , “Palliative Care: A Bioethical Definition, Principles and Clinical Guidelines,” Bioethics Forum, 13 (1997): 17–24; and Brody H. , “Withdrawing Intensive Life-Sustaining Treatment: Compassionate Clinical Management,” N. Engl. J. Med., 336 (1997): 652–57.

See Schneiderman L.F. Teetzel H. , and Kalmanson A.G. , “Who Decides Who Decides? When Disagreement Occurs Between the Physician and the Patient's Appointed Proxy About the Patient's Decision-Making Capacity,” Archives of Internal Medicine, 155 (1995): 793–95; In re Quinlan, 335 A.2d 647 (N.J. 1976); and In re Conroy, 486 A.2d 1209 (N.J. 1985).

See Redelmeier D.A. Rozin P. , and Kahnemahn D. , “Understanding Patients' Decisions: Cognitive and Emotional Perspectives,” JAMA, 270 (1993): 72–76; and Miles S.H. Koepp R. , and Weber E.P. , “Advance End-of-Life Treatment Planning: A Research Review,” Archives of Internal Medicine, 156 (1996): 1062–68.

See Buchanan A.E. and Brock D.W. , “Deciding for Others: Competency,” Milbank Quarterly, 64 (1986): 67–80.

See Dubler N.N. , “The Doctor-Proxy Relationship: The Neglected Connection,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 5 (1995): 289–306; Emanuel E.J. , “How is the Patient Self-Determination Act Working? An Early Assessment,” American Journal of Medicine, 95 (1993): 619–28; Emanuel L.L. , “Advance Directives: Stability of Patients' Treatment Choices,” Archives of Internal Medicine, 154 (1994): 209–17; Sabatino C.P. , “Surely the Wizard Will Help Us, Toto? Implementing the Patient Self-Determination Act,” Hastings Center Report, 23, no. 1 (1993): 12–16; Kapp M.B. , “Implications of the Patient Self-Determination Act for Psychiatric Practice,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45 (1994): 355–58; and Patient Self-Determination Act, 42 U.S.C.A. § 1395cc(f) (1992).

See Eisendrath S.J. and Jonsen A.R. , “The Living Will: Help or Hindrance?,” JAMA, 249 (1983): 2054–58.

See Annas G.J. , “The Health Care Proxy and the Living Will,” N. Engl. J. Med., 324 (1991): 1210–13.

See In re Eichner, 438 N.Y.S.2d 266 (1981); and In re Mary O'Connor, 534 N.Y.S.2d 886 (1988).

See Lo B. , “Assessing Decisional Capacity,” Law, Medicine & Health Care, 18 (1990): 193–201; Strull W.M. Lo B. , and Charles G. , “Do Patients Want to Participate in Medical Decision Making?,” JAMA, 252 (1984): 2990–94; and Emanuel L. , “The Health Care Directive: Learning How to Draft Advance Care Documents,” Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 39 (1991): 1221–28.

See Dubler , supra note 5.

See id.

See Seckler A.B. , “Substituted Judgment: How Accurate Proxy Predictions?,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 115 (1991): 92–98; Diamond E.L. , “Decision-Making Ability and Advance Directive Preferences in Nursing Home Patients and Proxies,” Gerontologist, 29 (1989): 622–26; Zweibel N.R. and Cassel C.K. , “Treatment Choices at the End of Life: A Comparison of Decisions by Older Patients and Their Physician-Selected Proxies,” Gerontologist, 29 (1989): 615–21; Gerety M.B. , “Medical Treatment Preferences of Nursing Home Residents: Relationship to Function and Concordance with Surrogate Decision-Makers,” Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 41 (1993): 953–60.

See Folstein M.F. Folstein S.E. , and McHugh P.R. , “Mini-Mental State, A Practical Method for Grading the Cognitive State of Patients for the Clinician,” Journal of Psychiatry Research, 12 (1975): 189–98.

See Nolan M.T. and Bruder M. , “Patient Attitudes Toward Advance Directives and End-of-Life Treatment Decisions,” Nursing Outlook, 45, no. 5 (1997): 204–48; Sachs G.A. Stocking C.D. , and Miles S.H. , “Empowerment of the Older Patient? Randomized, Controlled Trial to Increase Discussion and Use of Advance Directives,” Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 40 (1991): 269–73; LaPuma J. Orentlicher D. , and Moss R. , “Advance Directives on Admission: Clinical Implications and Analysis of the Patient Self Determination Act of 1990,” JAMA, 266 (1991): 402–25; Emanuel L.L. , “Advance Directives for Medical Care: A Case for Greater Use,” N. Engl. J. Med., 324 (1991): 889–95; and Miles Koepp , and Weber , supra note 3.

See 42 U.S.C. § 1395cc(f) (1992).

See Seckler , supra note 12; Diamond , supra note 12; Zweibel and Cassel , supra note 12; and Gerety , supra note 12.