Reconsidering Genetic Antidiscrimination Legislation

See Kerem B. , “Identification of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene: Genetic Analysis,” Science, 245 (1989): 1073–80; and Rommens J.M. , “Identification of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene: Chromosome Walking and Jumping,” Science, 245 (1989): 1059–65.

See Meissen G.J. , “Predictive Testing for Huntington's Disease with Use of a Linked DNA Marker,” N. Engl. J. Med., 318 (1988): 535–42.

See generally Holtzman N.A. , Proceed with Caution: Predicting Genetic Risks in the Recombinant DNA Era (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).

See Gostin L. , “Genetic Discrimination: The Use of Genetically Based Diagnostic and Prognostic Tests by Employers and Insurers,” American Journal of Law & Medicine, XVII (1991): 109–44.

See Yesley M.S. , “Genetic Privacy, Discrimination, and Social Policy: Challenges and Dilemmas,” Microbial & Comparative Genomics, 2 (1997): 19–35.

See Billings P.R. , “Discrimination as a Consequence of Genetic Testing,” American Journal of Human Genetics, 50 (1992): 476–82.

See Geller L.N. , “Individual, Family and Societal Dimensions of Genetic Discrimination: A Case Study Analysis,” Science and Engineering Ethics, 2 (1996): 71–88.

See Lapham E.V. Kozma C. Weiss J.O. , “Genetic Discrimination: Perspective of Consumers,” Science, 274 (1996): 621–24.

See Stolberg S. , “Genetic Bias: Held Hostage by Heredity,” Los Angeles Times, Mar. 27, 1994, at A1, A20; Saltus R. , “Fear of Insurers Leading to Gene Testing in Secret,” Boston Globe, Sept. 12, 1994, at 1, 10; Hilts P.J. , “Panel Reports Genetic Screening Has Cost Some Their Health Plans,” New York Times, Nov. 5, 1993, at A1; and Cherskov M. , “Fighting Genetic Discrimination,” ABA Journal, June (1992): 38.

See Geller , supra note 7.

See Pokorski R.J. , “Insurance Underwriting in the Genetic Era,” American Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (1997): 205–16.

See Billings , supra note 6; and Geller , supra note 7.

See Geller , supra note 7.

See Pokorski , supra note 11.

See Kolata G. , “Advent of Testing for Breast Cancer Leads to Fears of Disclosure and Discrimination,” New York Times, Feb. 4, 1997, at C1, C3.

See Kolata G. , “Genetic Testing Falls Short of Public Embrace,” New York Times, Mar. 27, 1998, at A16; and Winik L.W. , “When You Should Consider a Genetic Test,” Parade Magazine, Apr. 19, 1998, at 8–9.

See Hudson K.L. , “Genetic Discrimination and Health Insurance: An Urgent Need for Reform,” Science, 270 (1995): 391–93; Karjala D. , “A Legal Research Agenda for the Human Genome Initiative,” Jurimetrics, 32 (1992): 121–311; and Annas G.J. , “Privacy Rules for DNA Databanks. Protecting Coded ‘Future Diaries’,” JAMA, 270 (1993): 2346–50.

See Pokorski , supra note 11; Stone D.A. , “The Implications of the Human Genome Project for Access to Health Insurance,” in Murray T.H. Rothstein M.A. Murray R.F. , eds., The Human Genome Project and the Future of Health Care (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996): 133–57; Murray T.H. , “Genetic Exceptionalism and ‘Future Diaries’: Is Genetic Information Different from Other Medical Information?,” in Rothstein M.A. , ed., Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997): 60–73; Alper J.S. Beckwith J. , “Distinguishing Genetic from Nongenetic Medical Tests: Some Implications for Antidiscrimination Legislation,” Science and Engineering Ethics, 4 (1998): 151–54; and Yesley M.S. , “Protecting Genetic Difference,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 13 (1998): 653–65.

See Preston J. , “Trenton Votes to Put Strict Limits on Use of Gene Tests by Insurers,” New York Times, June 18, 1996, at A1, B6.

See Lehrman S. , “Job Discrimination Based on Genetics Set for California Ban,” Nature, 393 (1998): 611.

See generally Nelkin D. Lindee M.S. , The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1995).

See Letter from Senator Pete Domenici, To Whom it May Concern, Re: The Genetic Confidentiality and Nondiscrimination Act of 1996 (June 17, 1996) (unpublished) (on file with authors).

Geller G. , “Genetic Testing for Susceptibility to Adult-Onset Cancer,” JAMA, 277 (1997): At 1468.

See Jaroff L. , “The Gene Hunt,” Time, Mar. 20, 1989, at 67.

See Meschede D. , “Compound Heterozygosity for the Delta F508 and F508C Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) Mutations in a Patient with Congenital Bilateral Aplasia of the Vas Deferens,” American Journal of Human Genetics, 53 (1993): 292–93; Donat R. , “The Incidence of Cystic Fibrosis Gene Mutations in Patients with Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens in Scotland,” British Journal of Urology, 79 (1997): 74–77; Nance M.A. , “Huntington Disease—Another Chapter Rewritten,” American Journal of Human Genetics, 59 (1996): 1–6; and Rubinsztein D.C. , “Phenotypic Characterization of Individuals with 30–40 CAG Repeats in the Huntington Disease (HD) Gene Reveals HD Cases with 36 Repeats and Apparently Normal Elderly Individuals with 36–39 Repeats,” American Journal of Human Genetics, 59 (1996): 16–22.

See Risch N. Botstein D. , “A Manic Depressive History,” Nature Genetics, 12 (1996): 351–53.

See Lehrman , supra note 20.