BrownleeShannonSilbernerJoanne. “The Assurance of Genes,”U.S. News and World Report. July 23, 1990: 57–59; BillingsPaul R.KohnMel A.de CuevasMargaretBeckwithJonathanAlperJoseph S.NatowiczMarvin R., “Discrimination as a Consequence of Genetic Testing,”American Journal of Human Genetics50, 1992: 476–482.
9.
See OTA, supra note 4.
10.
HoltzmanNeil A., Proceed with Caution: Predicting Genetic Risks in the Recombinant DNA Era.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. Chapters 8, 9.
11.
MotulskyArno, “Impact of Genetic Manipulation on Society and Medicine,”Journal of Occupational Medicine25, 1983:451–454; Hastings Center Report 13, 1983: 5–8; Office of Technology Assessment, Genetic Monitoring and Screening in the Work Place, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1989; UzychL., “Genetic Testing and Exclusionary Practices in the Work Place,”Journal of Public Health and Policy, 1986: 37–57; RothsteinMark A., Medical Screening and the Employee Health Cost Crisis, Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 10989, Chapter 11; CottonPaul, “Preexisting Conditions Hold Americans Hostage to Employers and Insurance Companies,”JAMA265, 1991: 2451–3; SchorrAlvin L., “Job Turnover—A Problem with Employer-Based Health Care,”New England Journal of Medicine323, 1990: 543–545; See also Billings, supra note 8.
12.
JensenGail A.MorrisseyMichael A.MarcusJohn W., “Cost Sharing and the Changing Pattern of Employer-Sponsored Health Benefits,”Milbank Quarterly65, 1987: 521–550.
13.
JensenGail A.GabelJon R., “The Erosion of Purchased Health Responsibility.” Inquiry 25, 1988: 328–343.
14.
BeauchampTom L.BowieNorman E., “Corporate Social Responsibility,” in BeauchampTom L.BowieNorman E. eds., Ethical Theory and Business, 2nd ed. CliffsEnglewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983: 52–57; DurkheimEmile, The Rules of Sociological Method, trans. SolovayS. and MuellerJ., New York: Free Press, 1964, p. 7; FrenchPeter, Collective and Corporate Responsibility, New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, p. 13; GoodpasterKenneth E., “The Concept of Corporate Responsibility,” in ReganTom ed., Just Business. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983: 292–323; MayLarry, The Morality of Groups, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame, 1987, pp. 11 ff.
15.
StarrPaul, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982), pp. 290 ff.
16.
DavisKeith, “An Expanded View of the Social Responsibility of Businesses,” In BeauchampTom L.BowieNorman E. eds., Ethical Theory and Business, 2nd ed.CliffsEnglewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983: 94–97.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Tax Reform Bill of 1986 (H.R. 3838). In Standard Federal Tax Reports, vol. 78, no. 41, filed September 21, 1986, part II (Chicago: Commerce Clearing House, Inc., 1986), at Title X, Section pp. 346 ff.
19.
Council on Ehtical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association, “Use of Genetic Testing by Employers,”JAMA266, 1991: 1827–1830.
20.
ChrenMary-MargaretLandefeldSethMurrayThomas H., “Doctors, Drug Companies and Gifts,”JAMA262, 1989: 3448–3451; CamenischPaul F., “Gift and Gratitude in Ethics,”Journal of Religious Ethics9, 1981: 1–22.
21.
Reported in Leon E. Hay, Accounting for Governmental and Nonprofit Entities, eighth edition. (Homewood, Illinois: Irwin, 1989), p.2.
22.
RothmanDavid J., “The Public Presentation of Blue Cross, 1935–1965,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law16: 671–693, at 671; PadgugRobert A., “Looking Backward: Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield as an Object of Historical Analysis,”Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law16, 1991: 793–805; BrownLawrence D., “Capture and Culture: Organizational Identity in New York Blue Cross,”Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law16, 1991: 651–670.
23.
Blue Cross, Blue Shield, Health Care in America: Promoting Access and Pursuing Value.Approved by the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Board of Directors, June 28, 1990.
24.
Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Mission Statement.Approved by the Group Health Cooperative Board of Trustees, Seattle, Washington, October 23, 1991.
25.
Mutual of Omaha, Sales Principles and Practices, 1987.
26.
SimonJohn G.PowersCharles W.GunnemanJon P., “The Responsibilities of Corporations and Their Owners,” in BeauschampTom L.BowieNorman E. eds., Ethical Theory and Business, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983: 86–93, at pp. 91–92.
27.
SteinerGeorge A.SteinerJohn F., “The Social Responsibilities of Business,” in SteinerGeorge A.SteinerJohn F., eds., Business, Government and Society: A Managerial Perspective, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991: 117–153.
28.
SmithAdam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, CampbellR.H.SkinnerA.S., eds, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
29.
FriedmanMilton, Capitalism and Freedom.Chicago: University of Chicago, 1962, pp. 133–136; LevittTheodore, “The Dangers of Social Responsibility,”Harvard Business Review, September-October, 1958.
30.
BeauchampTom, Case Studies in Business, Society, and Ethics.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1983, p. 137.
31.
GostinLarry, “Genetic Discrimination: The Use of Genetically-Based Diagnostic and Prognostic Tests by Employers and Insurers,”American Journal of Law and Medicine XVII, 1991: 109–144; Alexander Morgan Capron, “Which Ills to Bear: Reevaluating the Threat of Modern Genetics,”Emory Law Journal39, 1990: 666–696, especially pp. 684 ff.
32.
RothsteinMark A., “Discriminatory Aspects of Medical Screening,”Journal of Occupational Medicine28, 1986: 930–33.
33.
International Union v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 886 F2d 871 (7th cir 1989), cert granted 58 USLW 3614 (1990); BeckerMary E., “Can Employers Exclude Women to Protect Children?”JAMA264, 1990: 2113–2117; AnnasGeorge J., “Fetal Protection and Employment Discrimination,”New England Journal of Medicine325, 1991: 740–744; LippmanAbby, “Prenatal Genetic Testing and Screening: Constructing Needs and Reinforcing Inequities,”American Journal of Law and Medicine XVII, 19991: 15–50.
34.
FeldblumChai R., “Employment protections.”Milbank Quarterly69, supp 1/2, 1991: 81–110. OrentlicherDavid“Genetic Screening by Employers.”JAMA263, 1990: 1005–1006. JonesNancy Lee, “Essential Requirements of the Act,”Milbank Quarterly69, supp 1/2, 1991: 25–54; Joint Working Group on Ethical Legal and Social Issues in Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Human Genome Research, Statement on Genetic Discrimination and the Americans with Disabilities Act, April 29, 1991, Meeting at Los Alamos National Laboratory; see also Motulsry, supra note 11.
35.
WinesMichael, “Bush Announces Health Plan to Help the Poor Pay for Care,”New York Times, February 7, 1992, A1 col. 1; C18 col. 4.
36.
HolahanJohnMoonMarilynWelchPeteZuckermanStephen, “An American Approach to Health System Reform,”JAMA265, 1991: 2537: 2540; PearRobert, “Senate Democrats to Offer Plan to Restrain Health-Care Costs,”New York Times May 5, 1991. A1 col. 1, A8 col. 4; RockefellerJohn D.IV, “A Call for Action: The Pepper Commission's Blueprint for Health Care Reform,”JAMA265, 1991: 2507–2510; ToddJamesSeekinsSteven V.KrichbaumJohn A.HarveyLynn K., “Health Access America: Strengthening the US Health Care System,”JAMA265, 1991: 2503–2506.
37.
GrumbachKevenBodenheimerThomasHimmelsteinDavidWoolhandlerSteffie, “Liberal Benefits, Conservative Spending: The Physicians for a National Health Program Proposal,”JAMA265, 1991: 2549–2554.