Treatment Decisions for Terminally Ill Patients: Physicians' Legal Defensiveness and Knowledge of Medical Law

Wanzer S.H. Federman D.D. Adelstein S.J. , “The Physician's Responsibility Toward Hopelessly Ill Patients: A Second Look,” New England Journal of Medicine 1989, 320:844–849.

Manuel B.M. , “Professional Liability: A No-Fault Solution,” New England Journal of Medicine 1990; 322:627–631 (emphasis added).

Perkins H.S. Bauer R.L. Hazuda H.P. Schoolfield J.D. , “Impact of Legal Liability, Family Wishes, and Other ‘External Factors’ on Physicians' Life-Support Decisions,” American Journal of Medicine 1990; 89:185–194.

Winslade W.J. Weiner K.S. Henderson A. , The Texas Medical Jurisprudence Examination: A Self-Study Guide, Galveston, Texas: Institute for the Medical Humanities, University of Texas Medical Branch, 1990.

Barber v. Superior Court, 147 Cal. App.2d 1006, 195 Cal. Rptr. 484 (1983).

Paris J.J. , “The Decision to Withdraw Life-Sustaining Treatment and the Potential Role of an IEC: The Case of People v. Barber and Nejdl,” In: Cranford R.E. Doudera A.D. , eds., Institutional Ethics Committees and Health Care Decision Making, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Health Administration Press, 1984, 203–208.

Gerrity M.S. DeVellis R.F. Earp J.A. , “Physicians' Reactions to Uncertainty in Patient Care: A New Measure and New Insights,” Medical Care 1990, 28:724–736.

See Perkins , supra note 3.

Kapp M.B. Lo B. , “Legal Perceptions and Medical Decision Making,” Milbank Quarterly 1986, 64 (Supp 2):163–202.

Toulmin S. , “Medical Institutions and Their Moral Constraints,” In: Bulger R.E. Reiser S.J. , eds., Integrity in Health Care Institutions, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1990, 21–32.

Tversky A. Kahneman D. , “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,” Science 1981, 211:453–458.

See Perkins , supra note 3.

Griffith J. , “Malpractice Lawyers' Latest Bullying Tactic,” Medical Economics October 7, 1985, 62:54–57.

See Toulmin , supra note 10.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Weir R.F. Gostin L. , “Decisions to Abate Life-Sustaining Treatment for Nonautonomous Patients: Ethical Standards and Legal Liability for Physicians after Cruzan,” JAMA 1990; 264:1846–1853.

Jacobson J.A. Tolle S.W. Stocking C. Siegler M. , “Internal Medicine Residents' Preferences Regarding Medical Ethics Education,” Academic Medicine, December, 1989; 760–764.

Davidson K.W. Hackler C. Caradine D.R. McCord R.S. , “Physicians' Attitudes on Advance Directives,” JAMA 1989, 262:2415–2419.