KatzJay, The Silent World of Doctor and Patient (New York: Free Press, 1984), 99.
2.
See, e.g., Ronald L. Stephens, “‘Do Not Resuscitate’ Orders: Ensuring the Patient's Participation,”JAMA, 255 (Jan. 1986): 240–41.
3.
BedellSusanna E. and DelbancoThomas L., “Choices about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Hospital: When do Physicians Talk with Patients?”, New England Journal of Medicine, 310 (Apr. 1984): 1089–93. See also EvansAndrew L. and BrodyBaruch A., “The Do-Not-Resuscitate Order in Teaching Hospitals”, JAMA, 253 (Apr. 1985): 2236–39.
4.
See, e.g., President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), 4, 5, 9; The Hastings Center, Guidelines on the Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment and the Care of the Dying (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987).
5.
BlackhallLeslie J., “Must We Always Use CPR?”, New England Journal of Medicine, 317 (Nov. 1987): 1281–85. For additional discussion of futility, see, e.g., LoBernard and SteinbrookRobert L., “Deciding Whether to Resuscitate”, Archives of Internal Medicine, 143 (Aug. 1983): 1561–63.
