President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatments (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1983);RobertsonJ.A., The Rights of the Critically Ill (Ballinger, Boston, 1983);Note, A Structural Analysis of the Physician-Patient Relationship in No-Code Decisionmaking, Yale Law Journal93(2): 362 (December 1983).
2.
McCormickR.H., To Save or Let Die: The Dilemma of Modern Medicine, JAMA229(2): 172 (July 8, 1974).
3.
See RelmanA.S., The Saickewicz Decision: Judges as Physicians, New England Journal of Medicine298(9): 508 (March 2, 1978);BaronC.H., Medical Paternalism and the Rule of Law: A Reply to Dr. Relman, American Journal of Law & Medicine4(4): 367 (Winter 1979).
4.
CassemN.H., Being Honest When Technology Fails, American Medical School Alumni Bulletin53: 23 (1978).
5.
ClouserK.D., Allowing or Causing: Another Look, Annals of Internal Medicine87(5): 622 (November 1977).
6.
RabkinM.T.GillermanG.RiceN.R., Orders Not to Resuscitate, New England Journal of Medicine295(7): 364 (Aug. 12, 1976).
7.
SchramR.B., “No Code Orders”: Clarification in the Aftermath of Saickewicz, New England Journal of Medicine299(16): 875, 876 (Oct. 19, 1978).
8.
LoB.JonsenA., Clinical Decision to Limit Treatment, Annals of Internal Medicine93(5): 764 (November 1980).
9.
MilesS.H.CranfordR.SchultzA.L., The Do Not Resuscitate Order in a Teaching Hospital, Annals of Internal Medicine96(5): 660 (May 1982).
10.
RobertsonJ.A., Ethics Committees in Hospitals: Alternative Structures and Responsibilities, Quality Review Bulletin10(1): 6 (January 1984).
11.
See McCormickR.H., Ethics Committees: Promise or Peril?, Law, Medicine & Health Care12(4): 150 (September 1984).
12.
Clinical Care Committee of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Optimum Care for Hopelessly Ill Patients, New England Journal of Medicine295(7): 362 (Aug. 12, 1976).
13.
DavidsonC.S.McDonaldR.A., Recovery from Active Hepatic Disease of the Alcoholic, Archives of Internal Medicine110: 592 (November 1962);MihasA.A.DoosW.G.SpennyJ.G., Alcoholic Hepatitis—A Clinical and Pathological Study of 142 Cases, Journal of Chronic Diseases31(6/7): 461 (1978).
14.
HelmanR.A., Alcoholic Hepatitis: Natural History and Evaluation of Prednisolone Therapy, Annals of Internal Medicine74(3): 311 (March 1971).
15.
BedellS.E.DelbancoT.L., Choices about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Hospital, New England Journal of Medicine310(17): 1089 (1984).
16.
VeatchR.M., A Theory of Medical Ethics (Basic Books, New York, 1981), at 5.
17.
BeauchampT.ChildressJ., Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 2d ed. (Oxford University Press, New York, 1983), at 2, 3.
18.
RamseyP., The Patient as Person: Exploration in Medical Ethics (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1970), at 5.
19.
Id.
20.
Id.
21.
JonasH., Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting with Human Subjects, in Contemporary Issues in Bioethics (ed. WaltersBeauchamp) (Wadsworth, Belmont, Cal., 1978), at 417.
22.
JonsenA.HellegersA., Conceptual Foundations for and Ethics of Medical Care, Ethics and Health Policy (ed. VeatchBransor) (Ballinger, Boston, 1976), at 23.
23.
FriedC., The Lawyer as Friend: The Moral Foundations of the Lawyer-Client Relation, Yale Law Journal85(8): 1060 (July 1976).
24.
JonsenA.JametonR., Social and Political Responsibilities of Physicians, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy2(4): 376, 388 (December 1977).
25.
TwissS., The Problem of Moral Responsibility in Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy2(4): 330 (December 1977).
26.
Id., at 339.
27.
AmundsenD.K., The Physician's Obligation to Prolong Life: A Medical Duty Without Classical Roots, Hastings Center Report8(4): 23 (August 1978).
28.
Jonas, supra note 21, at 416.
29.
Clouser, supra note 5.
30.
TrammelR.L., The Presumption Against Taking Life, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy3(1): 53 (March 1978).
31.
HighD.M., Is Natural Death an Illusion?, Hastings Center Report8(4): 37 (August 1978).
