The Bioethically Informed Attorney and the Humanization of Medicine

See, e.g., Gorlin R. Zucker H.D. , Physicians’ Reactions to Patients: A Key to Teaching Humanistic Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine 308(18): 308–63 (May 5, 1983) [hereinafter referred to as Physicians’ Reactions];, Jensen P.S. , The Doctor-Patient Relationship: Headed for Impasse or Improvement? Annals of Internal Medicine 95(6): 769–71 (December 1981); Trachtenberg S.J. , Can Medicine's Tarnished Image Be Restored? Postgraduate Medicine 73(3): 309–12 (March 1983).

Jonsen A.R. , Watching the Doctor, New England Journal of Medicine 308(25): 1531–35 (June 23, 1983).

See, e.g., Preston T. , The Clay Pedestal: A Re-Examination of the Doctor-Patient Relationship (Madrona Publishers, Seattle, Wash.) (1981). But see Kass L.R. , Ethical Dilemmas in the Care of the Ill; Part I: What Is the Physician's Service? Journal of the American Medical Association 244(16): 1811–16 (October 17, 1980) (arguing that physicians lately have moved too far away from paternalism and too far towards subservience to a patients’ rights model).

See Jonas S. , The Case for Change in Medical Education in the United States, Lancet 2(8400): 452–54 (August 25, 1984).

See Benjamin W.W. , Healing By the Fundamentals, New England Journal of Medicine 311(9): 595–97 (August 30, 1984); Cassileth B. , Training Doctors to Care, MD Magazine pp. 29–30 (May 1984) [hereinafter referred to as Training Doctors];, Schnabel T.G. , Is Medicine Still an Art? New England Journal of Medicine 309(20): 1258–61 (November 17, 1983).

See, e.g., Cousins N. , Unacceptable Pressures on the Physician, Journal of the American Medical Association 252(3): 351–52 (July 20, 1984); Reynolds R.C. , The Loss of Charity in the Practice of Medicine, American Journal of Medicine 71(8): 196–98 (August 1981).

See, e.g., Cousins, supra note 6, at 351–52.

See Bruer J.T. Warren K.S. , Liberal Arts and the Premedical Curriculum, Journal of the American Medical Association 245(4): 364–66 (January 23/30, 1981).

Panel on the General Professionaltion 245(4): 364–66 (January 23/30, Preparation for Medicine, Association of American Medical Colleges, Physicians Education of the Physician and College Report (AAMC, Washington, D.C.) (1984); Bok D. , Needed: A New Way to Train Doctors—President's Report to the Harvard Board of Overseers, Harvard Magazine 86(5): 32–43, 70–71 (May/June 1984). See also Warren K.S. , The Humanities in Medical Education, Annals of Internal Medicine 101(5): 697–701 (November 1984) (suggesting that strong extracurricular rather than curricular programs should be developed for the humanities). Contra Roddie I.C. , Cliches in Medical Education: Part I, Lancet 2(8407): 860–61 (October 13, 1984); Part II, Lancet 2(8408): 2 (October 20, 1984); Part III, Lancet 2(8409): 973–74 (October 27, 1984) (vigorously defending the current state of medical education against would-be reformers).

See Povar G.J. Keith K.J. , The Teaching of Liberal Arts in Internal Medicine Residency Training, Journal of Medical Education 59(9): 714–21 (September 1984).

See, e.g., Race G. J. , Continuing Medical Education—Current Legal Implications, Journal of Legal Medicine 1(3): 312–32 (December 1979).

See Cassell E.J. , The Place of Humanities in Medicine (Hastings Center, Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y.) (1984); Training Doctors, supra note 5; Physicians’ Reactions, supra note 1. Cf. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Making Health Care Decisions: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship, Volume One: Report (U.S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington, D.C.) (1982) “Since the Commission believes that physicians are responsible for ensuring that patients can participate as far as possible in decisions about their care, medical educators ought to train students to carry out this obligation. Such education and training should not only equip students with necessary communication skills but also lead them to value the patient as a full participant in medical decisionmaking.” Id. at 143.

Culver C.M. , Basic Curricular Goals in Medical Ethics, New England Journal of Medicine 312(4): 253–54 (1985).

See Keyserlingk E.W. , Law, Bioethics and Biomedicine—Towards a Healthier Interaction, McGill Law Journal 26: 1020–35 (1981).

Beauchamp T.L. McCullough L.B. , Medical Ethics: The Moral Responsibilities of Physicians (Prentice-Hall, Engle wood Cliffs, NJ.) (1984).

“Ethical standards of professional conduct and responsibility may exceed but are never less than, nor contrary to, those required by law.” See Recent Opinions of the Judicial Council of the American Medical Association, Journal of the American Medical Association 251 (16): 2078–79 (April 27, 1984).

Ganos D. Lipson R.E. Warren G. Weil B.J. , Difficult Decisions in Medical Ethics (Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, N.Y.) (1983).

Stone A.A. , Law, Psychiatry, and Morality (American Psychiatric Press, Inc., Washington, D.C.) (1984).

See McAllen P.G. Delgado R. , Moral Experts in the Courtroom, Hastings Center Report 14(1): 27–34 (February 1984).