Starting from discussions on the validity of the classical assimilation concept, a general model for the explanation of different structural outcomes of interethnic relations is developed. The core of the model builds on the assumption that different outcomes are the often unintended and situation-logic results of (mis-)investments in and with ethnic and non-ethnic capital. Central initial conditions of the model are group size, social and cultural distances and the availability of social capital. The model specifies the mutual relations between these three constructs. Different variants of intergenerational integration of immigrants can thus be reconstructed as special cases of a general mechanism.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbelsonR. P., and LeviA.1985“Decision Making and Decision Theory.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume I: Theory and Method, 3rd edition. Ed. LindzeyG., and AronsonE.New York: Random House. Pp. 231–309
2.
AlbaR. D.1999“Immigration and the American Realities of Assimilation and Multiculturalism,”Sociological Forum, 14: 3–25.
3.
AlbaR. D.1985Italian Americans. Into the Twilight of Ethnicity.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
4.
AlbaR. D., HandlJ., and MüllerW.1994“Ethnische Ungleichhek im Deutschen Bildungssystem,”Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 46: 209–237.
5.
AlbaR. D., and NeeV.1999“Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration.” In The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Ed. HirschmanC., KasinitzP., and DeWindJ.New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Pp. 135–160
6.
AldrichH. E., and WaldingerR.1990“Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship,”Annual Review of Sociology, 16: 111–135.
7.
BeckerG. S.1965“A Theory of the Allocation of Time,”The Economic Journal, 75: 493–517.
8.
BerremanG. D.1960“Caste in India and the United States,”American Journal of Sociology, 64: 120–127.
9.
BlauP. M.1994Structural Contexts of Opportunities.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10.
BlauP. M.1977Inequality and Heterogeneity. A Primitive Theory of Social Structure.New York: Free Press.
11.
BoudonR.1974Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality. Changing Prospects in Western Society.New York: Wiley.
12.
BoudonR.1964“Institutional Completeness of Ethnic Communities and the Personal Relations of Immigrants,”American Journal of Sociology, 70: 193–205
13.
BrubakerR.2001“The Return of Assimilation? Changing Perspectives on Immigration and Its Sequels in France, Germany, and the United States,”Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24: 531–548.
14.
DustmanC., and van SoestA.2002“Language and the Earnings of Immigrants,”Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 55: 473–492.
15.
EsserH.1999–2002 Soziologie. Spezielle Grundlagen, Volume 1–6.Frankfurt/M. and New York: Campus.
16.
EsserH.1993Soziologie. Allgemeine Grundlagen.Frankfurt/M. and New York: Campus.
17.
EsserH.1991“The Integration of Second Generation Immigrants in Germany: An Explanation of ‘Cultural’ Differences.” In Education for Democratic Citizenship: A Challenge for Multi-Ethnic Societies. Ed. SigelR. S., and HoskinsM.Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Pp. 45–69
18.
EsserH.1990“Nur Eine Frage der Zeit? Zur Frage der Eingliederung von Migranten im Generationen-Zyklus und zu Einer Möglichkeit, Unterschiede Hierin Theoretisch zu Erklären.” In Generation und Identität. Theoretische und Empirische Beiträge zur Migrationssoziologie. Ed. EsserH., and FriedrichsJ.Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. Pp. 73–100
19.
EsserH.1986a “Social Context and Inter-Ethnic Relations: The Case of Migrant Workers in West German Urban Areas,”European Sociological Review, 2: 30–51.
20.
EsserH.1986b “Ethnic Segmentation as the Unintended Result of Intentional Actions.” In Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior. Essay in the Honor of Anatol Rapoport. Ed. DiekmannA., and MitterP.Heidelberg and Wien: Physica-Verlag. Pp. 281–296
21.
EsserH.1980“Aspekte der Wanderungssoziologie. Assimilation und Integration von Wanderern, ethnischen Gruppen und Minderheiten.”Eine handlungstheoretische Analyse.Darmstadt and Neuwied: Luchterhand Verlag.
22.
FaistT.2000The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Spaces.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
23.
FavellA.2002“Multicultural Nation-building: ‘Integration’ as Public Philosophy and Research Paradigm in Western Europe,”Swiss Political Science Review, 7: 116–124.
24.
FonerN.1997“What's New About Transnationalism? New York Immigrants Today and at the Turn of the Century,”Diaspora, 6: 355–375.
25.
FongE., and OokaE.2002“The Social Consequences of Participating in the Economic Economy,”International Migration Review, 36(1): 125–146.
26.
GansH. J.1999“Toward a Reconciliation of ‘Assimilation’ and ‘Pluralism’: The Interplay of Acculturation and Ethnic Retention.” In The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Ed. HirschmanC., KasinitzP., and DeWindJ.New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Pp. 161–171
27.
Glick SchillerN.1999“Transmigrants and Nation-States: Something Old and Something New in the U.S. Immigrant Experience.” In The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Ed. HirschmanC., KasinitzP., and DeWindJ.New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Pp. 94–119
28.
GordonM. M.1964Assimilation in American Life. The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins.New York: Oxford University Press.
29.
GranatoN., and KalterF.2001“Die Persistenz Ethnischet Ungleichheit auf dem Deutschen Arbeitsmarkt. Diskriminierung oder Unterinvestition in Humankapital,”Kölner Zeitschrifi für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 53: 497–520.
30.
HeckmannF.1981Die Bundesrepublik: Ein Einwanderungsland? Zur Soziologie der Gastarbeiterbevölkerung als Einwandererminorität.Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
31.
HeckmannF., and SchnapperD., eds. 2003The Integration of Immigrants in European Societies. National Differences and Trends of Convergence.Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius.
32.
HedströmP., and SwedbergR.1998“Social Mechanisms: An Introductory Essay.” In Social Mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory. Ed. HedströmP., and SwedbergR.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 1–31
33.
Hoffmann-NowotnyH.-J.1973Soziologie des Fremdarbeiterproblems. Eine Theoretische und Empirische Analyse am Beispiel der Schweiz.Stuttgart: Enke Verlag.
34.
KalterF.2003Chancen, Fouls und Abseitsfallen. Migranten im Deutschen Ligenfußball.Opladen: West-deutscher Verlag.
35.
KalterF., and GranatoN.2002“Demographic Change, Educational Expansion, and Structural Assimilation of Immigrants. The Case of Germany,”European Sociological Review, 18: 199–216.
36.
LaitinD. D.1995“Marginality. A Microperspective,”Rationality and Society, 7: 31–57.
37.
LancasterK. J.1996“A New Approach to Consumer Theory,”The Journal of Political Economy, 74: 132–157.
38.
LindenbergS.1992“Cohorts, Social Production Functions and the Problem of Self Command.” In Dynamics of Cohort and Generations Research. Ed. BeckerH. A.Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers. Pp. 283–308
39.
LindenbergS.1989“Social Production Functions, Deficits, and Social Revolutions. Prerevolutionary France and Russia,”Rationality and Society, 1: 51–77
40.
LockwoodD.1964“Social Integration and System Integration.” In Explorations in Social Change. Ed. ZollschanG. K., and HirschW.London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Pp. 244–257
41.
LoganJ. R., AlbaR. D., and ZhangW.2002“Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and Los Angeles,”American Sociological Review, 67: 299–322.
42.
MasseyD. S.1985“Ethnic Residential Segregation: A Theoretical Synthesis and Empirical Review,”Sociology and Social Research, 69: 315–350.
43.
MasseyD. S., and DentonN. A.1998American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. 8th edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
44.
MasseyD. S.1998New Migrations, New Theories. In Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Ed. MasseyD. S.Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp. 1–16
45.
MarxK., and EngelsF.1992The Communist Manifesto.Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
46.
MertonR. K.1967“Social Structure and Anomie.” In Social Theory and Social Structure. 11th edition. Ed. MertonR. K.New York and London: Free Press. Pp. 131–160.
47.
NauckB.1995“Educational Climate and Intergenerational Transmission in Turkish Families: A Comparison of Migrants in Germany and Non-Migrants.” In Psychological Response to Social Change. Human Development in Changing Environments. Ed. NoackP., HoferM., and YounissJ.Berlin: de Gruyter. Pp. 67–85
48.
NeeV., and SandersJ.2001“Understanding the Diversity of Immigrant Incorporation: A Forms-of-Capital Model,”Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24: 386–411.
49.
NollH.-H., SchmidtP., and WeickS.1998“Ethnic Groups and Migrants in Germany. Towards a Multicultural German Society?” In Monitoring Multicultural Societies: A Siena Group Report. Ed. BühlmannJ., RöthlisbergerP., and SchmidB.Neuchatel: BFS. Pp. 139–171
50.
ParkR. E.1950“The Nature of Race Relations.” In Race and Culture. Ed. ParkR. E.Glencoe, IL: Free Press. Pp. 81–116
51.
PendakurK., and PendakurR.2002“Language as Both Human Capital and Ethnicity,”International Migration Review, 36(1): 147–177.
52.
PerlmannJ., and WaldingerR.1999“Immigrants, Past and Present: A Reconsideration.” In The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Ed. HirschmanC., KasinitzP., and DeWindJ.New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Pp. 223–238
53.
PortesA.1999“Immigration Theory for a New Century: Some Problems and Opportunities.” In The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Ed. HirschmanC., KasinitzP., and DeWindJ.New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Pp. 21–33
54.
PortesA., ed. 1996The New Second Generation.New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
55.
PortesA., ed. 1995“Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Immigration: A Conceptual Overview.” In The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks: Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship. Ed. PortesA.New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Pp. 1–41
56.
PortesA., HallerW. J., and GuarnizoL. E.2002“Transnational Entrepreneurs: An Alternative Form of Immigrant Economic Adaptation,”American Sociological Review, 67: 278–298.
57.
PottA.2002Ethnizität und Raum im Aufstiegsprozeß. Eine Untersuchung zum Bildungsaufitieg in der Zweiten Türkischen Migrantengeneration.Opladen: Leske + Budrich.
58.
PriesL., ed. 2001New Transnational Social Spaces. International Migration and Transnational Companies.London: Routledge.
59.
RikerW. H., and OrdeshookP. C.1973An Introduction to Positive Political Theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
60.
RumbautR. G.1999“Assimilation and its Discontents: Ironies and Paradoxes.” In The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Ed. HirschmanC., KasinitzP., and DeWindJ.New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Pp. 172–195
61.
SchellingT. C.1978Micromotives and Macrobehavior.New York and London: Norton.
62.
SchellingT. C.1971“Dynamic Models of Segregation,”Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1: 143–186.
63.
Schmitter HeislerB.2000“The Sociology of Immigration. From Assimilation to Segmented Integration, from the American Experience to the Global Arena.” In Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines. Ed. BrettellC. B., and HollifieldJ. F.New York and London: Routledge. Pp. 77–96
64.
SchoemakerP. J.1982“The Expected Utility Model: Its Variants, Purposes, Evidence and Limitations.”The Journal of Economic Literature, 20: 529–563.
65.
WileyN. F.1970“The Ethnic Mobility Trap and Stratification Theory.” In The Study of Society: An Integrated Anthology. 2nd edition. Ed. RoseP. I.New York and Toronto: Random House. Pp. 397–408.
66.
WilpertC.1980Die Zukunft der Zweiten Generation.Königstein: Athenäum.
67.
WipplerR., and LindenbergS.1987“Collective Phenomena and Rational Choice.” In The Midro-Macro Link. Ed. AlexanderJ. C., GiesenB., MunchR., and SmelserN. J.Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. Pp. 135–152
68.
ZhouM.1999“Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation.” In The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Ed. HirschmanC., KasinitzP., and DeWindJ.New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Pp. 196–212
