Exploring Biomaterial Scaffolds for Eyelid Reconstruction: A Synthesis of Experimental Findings

Abstract

This review synthesizes experimental findings on various biomaterial scaffolds used in eyelid reconstruction. It examines the structural properties, cellular responses, and functional outcomes of scaffolds such as chitosan, poly(propylene glycol fumarate)-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, poly(propylene glycol fumarate) - type I collagen (PPF-Col), decellularized matrix-polycaprolactone, branched polyethylene, collagen, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid. These scaffolds exhibit diverse mechanical and biological properties, with some demonstrating good biocompatibility, tunable properties, and potential for tissue repair. However, there are limitations, including concerns about long-term functionality and a lack of comprehensive evaluations. This review highlights the need for multifunctional scaffolds that combine lid replacement and ocular surface function restoration, as well as the establishment of standardized research methods. The goal is to guide future innovation in the field and improve the quality of life for patients with eyelid defects.

Impact Statement

This review underscores the contemporary advancements in 3D-printed biological scaffolds for eyelid reconstruction, with a particular emphasis on their utilization as tarsus substitutes. By methodically summarizing a wide array of scaffold types and fabrication techniques, this study offers a comprehensive synthesis of the extant experimental findings, thereby identifying critical challenges in the field. This analysis not only addresses existing knowledge gaps but also serves as a catalyst for future innovations in scaffold design, with the potential to significantly advance clinical applications in reconstructive surgery and promote advancements in tissue engineering research.