Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law, eds. Professor Clive Parry et al, (New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1986), 72
5.
SieghartPaulThe International Law of Human Rights, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), 14
6.
SimmaBruno, and AlstonPhilip“The Sources of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, and General Principles, 12Australian Year Book of International Law (1992), 100
7.
cited in SimmaBruno, and AlstonPhilip“The Sources of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, and General Principles, 12Australian Year Book of International Law (1992), 102
8.
SimmaBruno, and AlstonPhilip“The Sources of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, and General Principles, 12Australian Year Book of International Law (1992), 107
HarrisD. J.Cases and Materials on International Law, (London: Sweet & Maxwell), 18
12.
HarrisD. J.Cases and Materials on International Law, (London: Sweet & Maxwell) 604
13.
Private correspondence, January 4, 1993. Professor Shearer is the Professor of International Law at Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
14.
HarrisD. J.op. cit., 604
15.
Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Statistical Office, United Nations, vol. XLIV, No. 2, February 1990
16.
Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Statistical Office, United Nations, vol. XLIV, No. 2, February 1990
17.
CfDaniel Callahan's response to John Lachs in which he notes the inconsistency of Lachs having no difficulty in rejecting in principle either voluntary or involuntary slavery from a perspective of social protection, yet unable to see that euthanasia is socially harmful too. CallahanDaniel, “Ad Hominem Run Amok: A Response to John Lachs”, Journal of Clinical Ethics, 5: 1, Spring 1994, 13–15
18.
In 1215 the English barons extracted the Magna Carta from King John. Perhaps the most notable feature of the Magna Carta was the right not to have a punishment imposed without due process of law. That right, however, only applied to “free men”.
19.
StraussLeoNatural Right and History, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), 179
20.
HobbesThomasLeviathan, or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiaticall and Civil, edited by OakeshottM., (Oxford: Blackwell, 1960), 64
21.
StraussLeoop. cit., 171
22.
In this matter Hobbes followed the scepticism of Justus Lipsius and Michel de Montaigne who both “condemned public spiritedness and patriotism, for such feelings exposed their possessor to great danger”, a conclusion which Hobbes did not endorse, of TuckRichard, Hobbes, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 6–11.
23.
HobbesThomasop. cit., 84
24.
van der MaasPaul J., Johannes, van DeldenJ.M., PijnenborgLoes, and LoomanCaspar W.N.“Euthanasia and other medical decisions concerning the end of life”, The Lancet, 338: 8768, September 14, 1991, 670
25.
Borst-EilersElse“The Status of Physician-Administered Active Euthanasia in The Netherlands”, (Unpublished paper delivered at the Second International Conference on Health Law and Ethics, London, July 1989), and cited in John Keown, I.J. Keown, “The Law and Practice of Euthanasia in The Netherlands”, in The Law Quarterly Review, 108, January 1992, 7–8
26.
van der MaasPaul J.op. cit, 673
27.
van der MaasPaul J., 669. Here the Lancet Dutch Report acknowledges that “in cases of euthanasia the physician often declares that the patient died a natural death.”
28.
ten Have HenkA.M.J., and WelieJos V.M.“Euthanasia: Normal Medical Practice?” in Hastings Center Report, 22: 2, March-April 1992, 36
29.
KeownJohn“‘Dances with Data’: A Riposte”, Bioethics Research Notes, vol 6 no 1, 1994, 1
30.
Actually, I didn't. I included only 82% of the 5,800 cases, ie 4,756 because only 82% of these patients in fact died. Cf FlemingJohn I“Euthanasia, The Netherlands, and Slippery Slopes”, Bioethics Research Notes Occasional Paper No. 1, June 1992, footnote 35.
31.
van Delden JohannesJM, PijenborgLoes, and van der MaasPaul J“Dances with Data”, Bioethics, vol 7, no 4, July 1993, 326 and see footnote 7.
32.
van Delden JohannesJMloc. cit.
33.
van Delden JohannesJMloc. cit.325
34.
Medische Beslissingen Rond Het Levenseinde - Het onderzoek voor de Commissie Onderzoek Medische Praktijk inzake Euthanasie, (The Hague, The Netherlands: Sdu Uitgeverij, 1991) [Dutch Euthanasia Survey Report] and Medische Beslissingen Rond Het Levenseinde -Rapport van de Commissie Onderzoek Medische Praktijk inzake Euthanasie. The Hague, The Netherlands: Sdu Uitgeverij, 1991)[Remmelink Report]. I am indebted to Dr. Daniel Ch. Overduin for translating the relevant sections of the two reports, thereby making the detailed evidence contained in them accessible to the English-speaking non-Dutch-speaking public.
35.
Remmelink Report, 13
36.
Remmelink Report, 15
37.
Remmelink Report, 15
38.
There were 5,8000 such cases, cf. Ibid, 15. However only 82% [ie 4,756] of these patients actually dies. Cf Dutch Euthanasia Survey Report, 63ff
39.
There were 25,000 such cases, cf. Ibid., 69. However, only 35% (8,750 cases) were done with the intention to terminate life. Cf Ibid., 72; cf also Remmelink Report, 16
40.
There were 22,500 patients who received overdoses of morphine, cf. Ibid., 16. 36 per cent were done with the intention to terminate life, cf Dutch Euthanasia Survey Report, 58
41.
Dutch Survey Report, 61, Tabel 7.7. [“Besluit niet besproken”]
42.
The Remmelink Report, 17–19
43.
Other reviews of the evidence from the two Dutch reports supporting the present writer's analysis may be found in Richard Fenigsen, “The Report of the Dutch Governmental Committee on Euthanasia”, Issues in Law & Medicine, 7: 3, 1991, 337–344; ten Have HenkA.M.J., and WelieJos V.M.“Euthanasia: Normal Medical Practice?”loc. cit., 34–38
44.
van der MaasP.J., van DeldenJ.J.M., and PijnenborgL.Euthanasia and other Medical Decisions Concerning the End of Life, (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992), 21
45.
van der MaasP.J., van DeldenJ.J.M., and PijnenborgL.Euthanasia and other Medical Decisions Concerning the End of Life, (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992), 21
46.
KeownJohn“‘Dances with Data’: A Riposte”, loc. cit.1
47.
KeownJohn“‘Dances with Data’: A Riposte”, loc. cit.1
48.
van DeldenJohannes J.M., PijnenborgLoes, and van der MaasPaul J.“The Remmelink Study Two Years Later”, Hastings Center Report, November-December 1993, 26
49.
van der MaasPaul J.“Euthanasia and other medical decisions concerning the end of life”, op. cit., 673
50.
Helga Kuhse, referring to the “‘social experiment’ with active voluntary euthanasia” currently in progress in The Netherlands, has stated that “as yet there is no evidence that this has sent Dutch society down a slippery slope.” KuhseHelga“Euthanasia”, in A Companion to Ethics, ed SingerPeter, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1991), 302. The evidence cited together with I.J. Keown, loc. cit. 70–77 suggests a less encouraging conclusion should be drawn from the facts.
51.
See footnote 46 above.
52.
The Remmelink Report, 21 ff, Part II, par, 6 deals with “De aard van medische beslissingen rond het levenseinde.”
53.
This stands in sharp contradistinction to the Report of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection on “care for the terminally ill” [European Communities -European Parliament, Session Documents (English Edition), 30 April 1991 A3-0190/91] which contains a “Motion For a Resolution” on care for the terminally ill which refers in its preamble (“E”) to the proposal that “the right to a dignified death” be enshrined in the European Charter on the Rights of Patients. However, the emphasis in the motion itself is on palliative care, rather than on assistance in dying.
54.
van der MaasPaul J.op. cit., 673
55.
MaddocksIanThe Advertiser, (Adelaide, South Australia, November 2, 1991), 1. Professor Maddocks is the Professor of Palliative Care, Daw Park Repatriation Hospital in South Australia. He was referring to allegations that some doctors in South Australia help patients to die by lethal injection.
56.
Alexander Morgan Capron is the Henry W. Bruce University Professor of Law and Medicine, University of Southern California, and codirector of the Pacific Center for Health Policy and Ethics.
57.
CapronAlexander Morgan“Euthanasia in The Netherlands. American Observations”, Hastings Center Report, 22: 2, March-April 1992, 31
58.
CapronAlexander Morganloc. cit., 31
59.
KeownI.J.loc. cit., 62.
60.
KeownI.J.loc. cit., 62–63.
61.
KeownI.J.loc. cit.67–68.
62.
KeownI.J.loc. cit.67.
63.
PollardBrian“Medical aspects of euthanasia”, Medical Journal of Australia, 154: 9, 1991, 613–616.
64.
StevensChristine A., and HassanRiaz“Management of death, dying and euthanasia: attitudes and practices of medical practitioners in South Australia”, Journal of Medical Ethics, March 1994, vol 20 no 1, 41–46
65.
StevensChristine A., and HassanRiaz“Management of death, dying and euthanasia: attitudes and practices of medical practitioners in South Australia”, Journal of Medical Ethics, March 1994, vol 20 no 143
66.
StevensChristine A., and HassanRiaz“Management of death, dying and euthanasia: attitudes and practices of medical practitioners in South Australia”, Journal of Medical Ethics, March 1994, vol 20 no 143
67.
Private correspondence between Dr. Brian Pollard and Dr. Christine Stevens, August 1, 1994
68.
Private correspondence between Dr. Brian Pollard and Dr. Christine Stevens, August 1, 1994
69.
Private correspondence between Dr. Brian Pollard and Dr. Christine Stevens, August 1, 1994
