Aging of passive film formed on UNS N08031 was investigated as a function of passivation time in Green-Death solution at 40°C. The specimen surface was in a stable passive state in the solution. The passive current density increased with an increase in the passivation potential. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott–Schottky (M–S) analyses revealed that a more defective n-type semiconductive passive film formed as the potential increased while the film became stable as the defects in the film decreased at potential lower than 1.0 VSSE. The increase of the applied potential and the polarisation time are likely reasons for the change in passive film stability.
MauriceVYangWPMarcusP.X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy study of passive films formed on (100) Fe-18Cr-13Ni single-crystal surfaces. J Electrochem Soc. 1998; 145: 909–920. doi: 10.1149/1.1838366
2.
HamadaEYamadaKNagoshiMDirect imaging of native passive film on stainless steel by aberration corrected STEM. Corros Sci. 2010; 52: 3851–3854. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.08.025
3.
OhKNAhnSHEomKSObservation of passive films on Fe–20Cr–xNi (x = 0, 10, 20wt.%) alloys using TEM and Cs-corrected STEM–EELS. Corros Sci. 2014; 79: 34–40. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.10.023
4.
VignalVKrawiecHHeintzOPassive properties of lean duplex stainless steels after long-term ageing in air studied using EBSD, AES, XPS and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Corros Sci. 2013; 67: 109–117. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2012.10.009
5.
ChengCQZhaoJCaoTSFacile chromaticity approach for the inspection of passive films on austenitic stainless steel. Corros Sci. 2013; 70: 235–242. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.01.035
6.
ChibaAMutoISugawaraYEffect of atmospheric aging on dissolution of MnS inclusions and pitting initiation process in type 304 stainless steel. Corros Sci. 2016; 106: 25–34. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.01.022
7.
BeloMDCRondotBCompereCChemical composition and semiconducting behaviour of stainless steel passive films in contact with artificial seawater. Corros Sci. 1998; 40: 481–494. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00016-X
8.
OhtsukaTUedaMAbeM.Aging of passive oxide on SUS304 stainless steel in a sulfuric acid solution. J Electrochem Soc. 2016; 163: C459–C469. doi: 10.1149/2.0721608jes
9.
ClaytonCRHaladaGPKearnsJR.Passivity of high-nitrogen stainless alloys: the role of metal oxyanions and salt films. Mat Sci Eng A. 1995; 198: 135–144. doi: 10.1016/0921-5093(95)80068-6
10.
VDM Material Data Sheet No. 4031. 2006:1-15.
11.
NagarajanSRamanVRajendranN.Evaluation of passive film behaviour of super austenitic stainless steels at different potential regions using dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Solid State Electrochem. 2010; 14: 1197–1204. doi: 10.1007/s10008-009-0948-5
12.
WeltschevMBaesslerRWernerHCorrosion resistance of alloy 31 and 59 in highly corrosive dangerous goods. Corrosion. 2008: 1471–1488.
13.
AlvesHBaesslerR.New experiences with nickel alloys and special stainless steels for an optimized material selection in acids at high temperatures. Corrosion. 2008;:1602–1616.
14.
Escrivà-CerdánCBlasco-TamaritEGarcía-GarcíaDMPassivation behaviour of alloy 31 (UNS N08031) in polluted phosphoric acid at different temperatures. Corros Sci. 2012; 56: 114–122. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2011.11.014
15.
Escrivà-CerdánCBlasco-TamaritEGarcía-GarcíaDMEffect of potential formation on the electrochemical behaviour of a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel in contaminated phosphoric acid at different temperatures. Electrochim Acta. 2012; 80: 248–256. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.012
16.
Escrivà-CerdánCBlasco-TamaritEGarcía-GarcíaDMEffect of temperature on passive film formation of UNS N08031 Cr–Ni alloy in phosphoric acid contaminated with different aggressive anions. Electrochim Acta. 2013; 111: 552–561. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.040
17.
RommerskirchenIGutschMMastR.Einfluss der Halbzeugform auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit hochlegierter Ni-Cr-Mo-Werkstoffe. Mater Corros. 2001; 52: 625–628. doi: 10.1002/1521-4176(200108)52:8<625::AID-MACO625>3.0.CO;2-8
18.
BursteinGTDavenportAJ.The current-time relationship during anodic oxide film growth under high electric field. J Electrochem Soc. 1989; 136: 936–941. doi: 10.1149/1.2096890
19.
AzumiKOhtsukaTSatoN.Impedance of iron electrode passivated in borate and phosphate solutions. Trans Jpn Inst Met. 1986; 27: 382–392. doi: 10.2320/matertrans1960.27.382
20.
VitoEDMarcusP.XPS study of passive films formed on molybdenum-implanted austenitic stainless steels. Surf Interface Anal. 1992; 19: 403–408. doi: 10.1002/sia.740190175
21.
WegreliusLFalkenbergFOlefjordI.Passivation of stainless steels in hydrochloric acid. J Electrochem Soc. 1999; 146: 1397–1406. doi: 10.1149/1.1391777
22.
HögströmJFredrikssonWEdstromKCation profiling of passive films on stainless steel formed in sulphuric and acetic acid by deconvolution of angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectra. Appl Surf Sci. 2013; 284: 700–714. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.07.158
23.
KimSYKimSTLeeISInvestigation of the resistance to localized corrosion associated with microstructure of tube-to-tube sheet welds of UNS S32050 super austenitic stainless steel for seawater cooled condenser. Mater Trans. 2011; 52: 1388–1395. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2011040
24.
LloydACNoëlJJMcIntyreSCr, Mo and W alloying additions in Ni and their effect on passivity. Electrochim Acta. 2004; 49: 3015–3027. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.061
25.
CastleJEQiuJH.The application of ICP-MS and XPS to studies of Ion selectivity during passivation of stainless steels. J Electrochem Soc. 1990; 137: 2031–2038. doi: 10.1149/1.2086860
26.
OlefjordIWegreliusL.The influence of nitrogen on the passivation of stainless steels. Corros Sci. 1996; 38: 1203–1220. doi: 10.1016/0010-938X(96)00018-2
27.
AsamiKHashimotoKShimodairaS.An XPS study of the passivity of a series of iron—chromium alloys in sulphuric acid. Corros Sci. 1978; 18: 151–160. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(78)80085-7
28.
YangWPCostaDMarcusP.Resistance to pitting and chemical composition of passive films of a Fe-17% Cr alloy in chloride-containing acid solution. J Electrochem Soc. 1994; 141: 2669–2676. doi: 10.1149/1.2059166
29.
AzumiKOhtsukaTSatoN.Mott-Schottky plot of the passive film formed on iron in neutral borate and phosphate solutions. J Electrochem Soc. 1987; 134: 1352–1357. doi: 10.1149/1.2100672
30.
BüchlerMSchmukiPBöhniHComparison of the semiconductive properties of sputter-deposited iron oxides with the passive film on iron. J Electrochem Soc. 1998; 145: 378–385. doi: 10.1149/1.1838272
31.
LeeJSKitagawaYNakanishiTPassivation behaviour of type-316L stainless steel in the presence of hydrogen sulfide ions generated from a local anion generating system. J Electrochem Soc. 2016; 162: C685–C692. doi: 10.1149/2.0861512jes
