The fungal genera are known for their high ability to biodeteriorate construction materials. Weight loss and release of calcium are observed when materials, especially concrete, are exposed to fungi. The paper presents the procedures enabling to assess the risk of biocorrosion of buildings at various stages of its development. The presented results lead to selection of effective analytical methodology for this propose. The study was conducted on materials commonly used as construction materials such as granite, ceramic, concrete and plaster. Surfaces of the tested samples were fouled by three selected fungal genera. Changes in properties of the materials due to interaction of fungi have been studied with the use of ergosterol content measurements, microscopic picturing, bioluminescence imaging, measurements of pH and X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Particular attention was paid to propose an appropriate method of estimating the effect of fungi on the surface of building materials using advanced analytical techniques.
WarscheidT. and BraamsJ.: ‘Biodeterioration of stone: a review’, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad.200046343–368. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00109-8
2.
Sanchez-SilvaM. and RosowskyD.: ‘Biodeterioration of construction materials: state of the art and future challenges’, J. Mater. Civil Eng.200820352–365. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:5(352)
3.
Łowińska-KlugeA. and BŁaszczyńskiT.: ‘The influence of internal corrosion on the durability of concrete’, Arch. Civil Mech. Eng.201212219–227. doi: 10.1016/j.acme.2012.03.002
4.
GorbushinaA. A.KrumbeinW. E.HammanC. H.PaninaL.SoukharjevskiS. and WollenzienU.: ‘Role of black fungi in colour change and biodeterioration of antique marbles’, Geomicrobiol. J.199311205–221. doi: 10.1080/01490459309377952
5.
CwalinaB.: ‘Biodeterioration of concrete’, Arch. Civil Eng. Environ.20084133–140.
6.
de los RíosA.CámaraB.García del CuraM. Á.RicoV. J.GalvánV. and AscasoC.: ‘Deteriorating effects of lichen and microbial colonization of carbonate building rocks in the Romanesque churches of Segovia (Spain)’, Sci. Total Environ.20094071123–1134. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.042
7.
HorbikD.Łowińska-KlugeA.GórskiZ.StaniszE. and ZgoŁa-Grzes´kowiakA.: ‘Microwave-assisted extraction combined with HPLC-MS/MS for diagnosis of fungal contamination in building materials’, J. Braz. Chem. Soc.2013241478–1486.
GuT.: ‘New understandings of biocorrosion mechanisms and their classifications’, Microb. Biochem. Technol.20124iii–ivi. doi: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000e107.
10.
AllsoppD.SealK. J. and GaylardeC. C.: ‘ Introduction to biodeterioration ’, 2nd edn; 2006CambridgeCambridge University Press.
11.
GuillitteO.: ‘Bioreceptivity: a new concept for building ecology studies’, Sci. Total Environ.1995167215–220. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04582-L
12.
MillerA. Z.SanmartínP.Pereira-PardoL.DionísioA.Saiz-JimenezC.MacedoM. F. and PrietoB.: ‘Bioreceptivity of building stones: a review’, Sci. Total Environ.20124261–12. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.026
13.
HerreraL. K.ArroyaveC.GuiametP.Gómez de SaraviaS. and VidelaH.: ‘Biodeterioration of peridotite and other constructional materials in a building of the Colombian cultural heritage’, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad.200454135–141. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.06.001
14.
GaylardeP. M.GaylardeC. C.GuiametP. S.Gómez de SaraviaS. G. and VidelaH. A.: ‘Biodeterioration of Mayan buildings at uxmal and tulum, Mexico’, Biofouling20011741–45. doi: 10.1080/08927010109378463
15.
GuiametP. S.RosatoV.Gómez de SaraviaS.GarcíaA. M. and MorenoD. A.: ‘Biofouling of crypts of historical and architectural interest at La Plata Cemetery (Argentina)’, J. Cult. Herit.201213339–344. doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2011.11.002
16.
HintikkaE.-L. and NikulinM.: ‘Airborne mycotoxins in agricultural and indoor environments’, Indoor Air1998466–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.1998.tb00011.x
17.
PasanenA.-L.Yli-PietiläK.PasanenP.KalliokoskiP. and TarhanenJ.: ‘Ergosterol content in various fungal species and biocontaminated building materials’, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.199165138–142.
18.
RobineE.LacazeI.MoularatS.RitouxS. and BoissierM.: ‘Characterisation of exposure to airborne fungi: measurement of ergosterol’, J. Microbiol. Methods200563185–192. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.03.008
19.
NielsenK. F. and MadsenJ. Ø.: ‘Determination of ergosterol on mouldy building materials using isotope dilution and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry’, J. Chromatogr. A2000898227–234. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00873-6
20.
SzponarB. and LarssonL.: ‘Determination of microbial colonisation in water-damaged buildings using chemical marker analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry’, Indoor Air20001013–18. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010001013.x
21.
ParkJ.-H.Cox-GanserJ. M.KreisK.WhiteS. K. and RaoC. Y.: ‘Hydrophilic fungi and ergosterol associated with respiratory illness in a water-damaged building’, Environ. Health Perspect.200811645–50. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10355
22.
SeitzL. M.MohrH. E.BurroughsR. and SauerD. B.: ‘Ergosterol as an indicator of fungal invasion in grains’, Cereal Chem.1997541207–1217.
23.
Floryszak-WieczorekJ.GórskiZ. and Arasimowicz-JelonekM.: ‘Functional imaging of biophoton responses of plants to fungal infection’, Eur. J. Plant Path.2011130249–258. doi: 10.1007/s10658-011-9750-1
24.
BenboughJ. E.BennettA. M. and ParksS. R.: ‘Determination of the collection efficiency of microbial air sampler’, J. Appl. Bacteriol.199374170–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03011.x
25.
ButtnerM. P. and StetzenbachL. D.: ‘Monitoring airborne fungal spores in an experimental indoor environment to evaluate sampling methods and the effects of human activity on air sampling’, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.199359219–226.
26.
HippeleinM. and RügamerM.: ‘Ergosterol as an indicator of mould growth on building materials’, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health2004207379–385. doi: 10.1078/1438-4639-00303
27.
Łowińska-KlugeA. and JóźwiakK.: ‘A study of the resistance of concrete to corrosion using SEM and microanalysis’, Microsc. Anal.2006209–11.
28.
ReedS. J. B.: ‘ Electron microprobe analysis ‘, 2nd edn; 1993CambridgeCambridge University Press.
29.
GórskiZ.BembnistaT.Floryszak-WieczorekJ.DomańskiM. and SŁawińskiJ.: ‘Computer-aided photometric analysis of dynamic digital bioluminescent images‘, in ‘ Lightmetry: metrology and testing techniques using light ’, (ed. PlutaM.SzyjerM. and PowichrowskaM.), Vol. 5064 of Proceedings of SPIE2002Bellingham, Washington.
30.
JonesE. B. G. and JenningsD. H.: ‘The effect of cations on the growth of fungi’, New Phytologist19656486–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1965.tb05378.x
