History of Toxicology and Allied Sciences: A Bibliographic Review and Guide to Suggested Readings

Abstract

With roots extending to antiquity, toxicology is a profession that recognizes that the past is often prologue to the present. In that spirit, this article provides a comprehensive bibliographic overview of writings on the history of toxicology and allied sciences. These writings pertain to the evolution of toxicology, its various methods, concepts, and theories; as well as pioneers of the profession and the growth of professional toxicological organizations. It is not an exhaustive survey, but provides a thorough accounting of literature pertaining to the history of toxicology.

The body of literature on the history of toxicology and allied sciences takes several forms. By far, the largest consists of peer-reviewed journal literature. Secondary to that are book chapters and the occasional thesis or dissertation. Finally, there is the occasional Web site devoted to the history of toxicology. Steven G. Gilbert’s Web site “A Small Dose of . . . ” is the most comprehensive devoted to the history of toxicology and includes information on milestones and major discoveries which are presented as downloadable PDF files. His site can be accessed at http://www.asmalldoseof.org. This list of suggested readings is organized into several sections. The first pertains to general historical texts—that is, those providing a broad-based overview of the history of toxicology and allied sciences. The second pertains to the history of specific toxicology modalities, concepts, and theories. The third section offers citations to biographical treatments of toxicology pioneers, movers, and shakers. Finally, section four provides suggested readings on the history of professional toxicologic and allied professional organizations. A wide variety of information sources were consulted for this bibliographic review and reading list. They included National Library of Medicine databases, several book, theses, and dissertation databases, and the review of standard and classic texts in toxicology.

The purpose of this review is to showcase the rich literature pertaining to toxicology and allied sciences. It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey, but an encapsulation of the variety of historical literature that exists today. Allied sciences, such as industrial hygiene, occupational medicine, and epidemiology, are included because of the mutually complimentary and beneficial nature of these scientific disciplines. Only English language publications were chosen for this survey—primarily to rein in what would otherwise be a too lengthy review.

TOXICOLOGY IN GENERAL

Perhaps the best brief overview of the history of toxicology is Chapter One in Information Resources in Toxicology, 3rd edition. Watson, Wexler, and Everett provide a concise and informative review of toxicology from its Greek roots to the ubiquitous use of risk assessment. However, many others have added to this body of literature as well. Recommended readings include the following:

Borzelleca JF 1994 History of toxicology Principles and Methods of Toxicology 3rd ed Hayes AW 1 17 New York Raven Press Campbell WA 1981 The history of the chemical detection of poisons Med Hist 25 202 203 Eckert WG 1981 Historical aspects of poisoning and toxicology Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2 261 264 Fenton JJ 2002 History of toxicology Toxicology Fenton J 1 12 Boca Raton, FL CRC Press Flanagan RJ Widdop B Sullivan FM 1988 Developments in toxicology—retrospect and prospect Hum Toxicol 7 391 392 Gallo MA 1988 Highlights in the history of toxicology Information Resources in Toxicology 2nd ed Wexler P 3 8 New York Elsevier Gallo MA Doull J 1991 History and scope of toxicology Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons 4th ed Amdur MO Doull J Klaassen CD 3 11 Oxford, UK Pergamon Gettler AO 1956 The historical development of toxicology J Forensic Sci 1 3 25 Griffin JP 1993 Famous names in toxicology Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 12 213 214 Hayes WJ Jr 1972 The discipline of toxicology: Its future in training and research Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 25 502 506 Hoekstra B 2000 Where are the ‘roots of toxicology’ Vet Hum Toxicol 42 244 246 Miya TS 1991 Concerns in toxicology—a personal perspective Fundam Appl Toxicol 16 619 621 Monosson E 2005 Chemical mixtures: Considering the evolution of toxicology and chemical assessment Environ Health Perspect 113 383 390 Oser BL 1987 Toxicology, then and now Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 7 427 443 Ryan L 2000 Statistical issues in toxicology J Am Stat Assoc 95 304 309 Tansey T 1993 The history of toxicology: The long and short of it Hum Exp Toxicol 12 459 461 Touwaide A 1992 Studies in the history of medicine concerning toxicology after 1970 Newsletter Soc for Ancient Med 20 8 33 Watson KD Wexler P Everitt JM 2000 History Information Resources in Toxicology 3rd ed Wexler P 1 10 San Diego Academic Press

TOXICOLOGICAL METHODS, CONCEPTS, AND THEORIES

From its basic roots toxicology has grown to be a scientific force to be reckoned with. Over time, as with most professions, there has been change, evolution, and even controversy. The suggested readings provided hence, are organized alphabetically by toxicological method, concept, or theory.

Analytical Toxicology

Wax P 2002 The origins of analytical toxicology, arsenic detection, and the trials of Mary Blandy and Marie Lafarge Mithridata 12 3 4

Aquatic Toxicology

Macek KJ 1980 Aquatic toxicology: Fact or fiction Environ Health Perspect 34 59 62

Archaeological Toxicology

Ericson JE Coughlin EA 1981 Archaeological toxicology Ann N Y Acad Sci 376 393 403

Biochemical Toxicology

Guengerich FP 2005 Life and times in biochemical toxicology Int J Toxicol 24 5 21

Clinical Toxicology

Anonymous 1998 30 years ago in clinical toxicology J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 36 393 396 Eckardt RE 1958 Clinical toxicology and the practicing physician JAMA 166 1949 1954 Lovejoy FH 2001 Clinical toxicology: Built better then they knew. Reflections on yesterday, today and tomorrow Vet Hum Toxicol 43 113 116 Vale JA 2001 Does clinical toxicology have a future—Louis Roche Lecture J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol 39 232

Environmental Toxicology

Koeman JH Strik JJ 1981 Environmental toxicology, its history and future with special attention to the situation in the Netherlands Pharmacotherapy 21 647 651

Epidemiology

Amsterdamska O 2005 Demarcating epidemiology Sci. Technol. Human Values 30 17 51 Le Riche WH 1976 Epidemiology in food safety evaluation—past and present Clin Toxicol 9 665 690 Morabia A 2004 A History of Epidemiological Methods and Concepts Basel, Switzerland Birkhäser Verlag Winkelstein W 2004 Vignettes of the history of epidemiology: Three firsts by Janet Elizabeth Lane-Claypn Am J Epidemiol 160 97 101

Experimental Toxicology

Zbinden G 1992 The three eras of research in experimental toxicology Trends Pharmacol Sci 13 221 223

Forensic Toxicology

Niyogi SK 1980 Historic development of forensic toxicology in America up to 1978 Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1 249 264 Niyogi SK 1981 Historical overview of forensic toxicology Introduction to Forensic Toxicology Cravey RH Baselt RC 7 24 Davis, CA Biomedical Publications

Genetic Toxicology

Frickel SA 2000 Disciplining Environmentalism: Opportunity Structures, Scientists Activism, and the Rise of Genetic Toxicology 1941 1976 Dissertation University of Wisconsin Madison Legator MS 1994 Genetic toxicology: Lessons from the past, directions for the future Environ. Mol. Mutagen 23 Suppl. 24 3 6

Haber’s Law

Witschi HP 1999 Some notes on the history of Haber’s law Toxicol Sci 50 164 168

Hormesis

Calabrese EJ Baldwin LA 1999 Chemical hormesis: Its historical foundations as a biological hypothesis Toxicol Pathol 27 195 216 Calabrese EJ 2005 Toxicological awakenings: The rebirth of hormesis as a central pillar of toxicology Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 204 1 8 Calabrese EJ 2005 Paradigm lost, paradigm found: The re-emergence of hormesis as a fundamental dose response model in the toxicological sciences Environ Pollut 138 379 411 Calabrese EJ 2002 Hormesis: Changing view of the dose-response, a personal account of the history and current status Mutat Res 511 181 189 Calabrese EJ 2000 Radiation hormesis: Its historical foundation as a biological hypothesis Hum Exp Toxicol 19 41 75

Immunotoxicology

Dean JH 2004 A brief history of immunotoxicology and a review of the pharmaceutical guidelines Int J Toxicol 23 83 90 Koller LD 2001 A perspective on the progression of immunotoxicology Toxicology 7 105 110

Industrial Hygiene

Baetjer AM 1980 The early days of industrial hygiene—their contributions to current problems Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 41 773 777 Brown HV 1965 The history of industrial hygiene: A review with special reference to silicosis Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26 212 226 Legge RT 1990 A historical background of industrial hygiene, 1946 Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 51 A502 503 Luxon SG 1984 1984 Yant memorial lecture. A history of industrial hygiene Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 45 731 739

Industrial Toxicology

Hine CH 1959 Industrial toxicology 1. General principles and new developments Arch Internal Med 104 154 164

Information Systems

Hakkinen PJ Kennedy G Stoss FW 1999 Information Resources in Toxicology 3rd edition New York Academic Press Kissman HM Wexler P 1985 Toxicology information systems: A historical perspective J Chem Inf Comp Sci 25 212 217 Leen-Mitchell M 2000 Mini-review: History of organized teratology information services in North America Teratology 61 314 317 Simon RC Kovacs GJ 1975 The historical toxicology information/data system—HISTOX Drug Inf J 9 145 153

Inhalation Toxicology

Peterson JE 2003 Human inhalation toxicology AIHA J 64 6 11

Medical Toxicology

Comstock EG 1998 Roots and circles in medical toxicology: A personal reminiscence J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 36 401 407

Military Toxicology

Mattie DR 1995 Program development in military toxicology laboratories Toxicol Lett 79 291 295

Mutagenesis/Mutagenicity

Brusick D 1990 Environmental mutagenesis: An assessment of the past twenty years Prog. Clin. Biol. Res 340A 1 16 Hoffmann GR 2004 History of environmental and molecular mutagenesis Environ Mol Mutagen 44 352 362

Neurotoxicity/Neurotoxicology

Gillen HW 1995 Occupational neurotoxicity and movement disorders: A historical perspective J Hist Neurosci 4 63 66 Kaufmann W 2003 Current status of developmental neurotoxicity: An industry perspective Toxicol Lett 140 141 161 169 Koller LD 2001 A perspective on the progression of immunotoxicology Toxicology 160 105 110 Tilson HA 2000 New horizons—future directions in neurotoxicology Environ. Health Perspect 108 Suppl. 3 439 441 Tilson HA 1990 Neurotoxicology in the 1990s Neurotoxicol Teratol 12 293 300 Williamson AM 1996 Historical overview of computerized behavioral testing of humans in neurotoxicology Neurotoxicol Teratol 18 351 357

Occupational Health/Medicine

Abrams HK 2001 A short history of occupational health J. Public Health Policy 22 34 80 Gochfeld M 2005 Chronologic history of occupational medicine J Occup Environ Med 47 96 114 Thorpe JJ 1988 Occupational medicine in the petroleum industry: An historical perspective Occup Med 3 371 390 Waldron HA 1997 Occupational health during the Second World War: Hope deferred or hope abandoned Med Hist 41 197 212

Ocular Toxicology

Flach AJ 1996 Ocular pharmacology and toxicology Ophthalmology 103 8 Suppl S118 142 Green K 1992 A brief history of ocular toxicology Lens Eye Toxic Res 9 153 159 Parascandola J 1991 The development of the Draize test for eye toxicity Pharm Hist 33 111 117

Ophthalmic Toxicology

Green K 1999 History of ophthalmic toxicology Ophthalmic Toxicology 2nd ed Chiou GCY 1 26 Philadelphia Taylor & Francis

Ototoxicity

Borik O 1977 History of ototoxicity Cesk Otolaryngol 26 248 251

Pare’s Law

Goldstein BD Gallo MA 2001 Pare’s law: The second law of toxicology Toxicol Sci 60 194 195

Pathological Toxicology

Squire RA 1997 A quarter century of toxicologic pathology: A personal perspective -editorial- Toxicol Pathol 25 423 425 Trump BF 1997 A personal perspective on the past, present and future of toxicologic pathology Toxicol Pathol 25 426 428

Pesticide Toxicology

Rowe DF 2001 Pesticides and Toxicology: Episodes in the Evolution of Environmental Risk Assessment 1937–1997 Dissertation Yale University

Pharmacology

Anderson S 1997 ‘I remember it well’: Oral history in the history of pharmacy Soc Hist Med 10 331 343 Bynum WF 1970 Chemical structure and pharmacological action: A chapter in the history of 19th century molecular pharmacology Bull Hist Med 44 518 538 Cloyd JC Oeser DE 1987 Clinical pharmacists in drug research and development: A historical perspective Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm 21 1 Pt 2 93 97 Lathers CM 2000 Lessons learned from the past: A guide for the future of clinical pharmacology in the 21st century J Clin Pharmacol 40 946 966 Leake CD 1975 An Historical Account of Pharmacology to the Twentieth Century Springfield, IL Charles C. Thomas McCleod DC 1976 Clinical pharmacy: The past, present, and future Am J Hosp Pharm 33 29 38 Miller RR 1981 History of clinical pharmacy and clinical pharmacology J Clin Pharmacol 21 195 197 Parker PF 1985 Reflections on clinical pharmacy’s first 20 years Am J Hosp Pharm 42 1293 1297 Sonnedecker G 2001 The American practice of pharmacy, 1902–1952 J. Am. Pharm. Assoc 41 21 23

Phototoxicology

Writings on the history of the study of the injurious effects of ultraviolet and visible radiation are scarce The most recent treatment is Frederick Urbach’s “Historical Aspects of Phototoxicology” published in 1998 in International Journal of Toxicology 17 537 540

Radiation Toxicology

Coggle JE 1985 Lessons from 80 years of radiation toxicology Hum Toxicol 4 559 662

Risk Assessment

Graham JD 1995 Historical perspective on risk assessment in the federal government Toxicology 102 29 52 Henry CJ 2003 Evolution of toxicology for risk assessment Int J Toxicol 22 3 7 Lioy PJ 1999 Exposure analysis and assessment in the 21st century Inhal Toxicol 11 623 636 McClellan RO 1999 Human health risk assessment: A historical overview and alternative paths forward Inhal Toxicol 11 477 518 Rechard RP 1999 Historical relationship between performance assessment for radioactive waste disposal and other types of risk assessment Risk Anal 19 763 807

Teratology

Brent RL 2001 The history of the editorship of Teratology during the period from July 1, 1976 to January 1, 1993 Teratology 63 100 105 Brent RL 1979 Comments on the history of teratology Teratology 20 199 200 Kalter H 2002 Origin and meaning of ‘teratology ’ Teratology 65 3 4 Warkany J 1965 Development of experimental mammalian teratology Teratology Principles and Techniques Wilson JG Warkany J 1 20 Chicago University of Chicago

Threshold of Toxicological Concern

Kroes R 2005 The threshold of toxicological concern concept in risk assessment Toxicol Sci 86 226 230

Toxicogenomics

Shostak S 2005 The emergence of toxicogenomics: A case study of molecularization Soc Stud Sci 35 367 403

Toxicological Pathology

Alden CL 1997 Commemoration of the silver anniversary of toxicologic pathology and the Society of Toxicologic Pathologists -editorial- Toxicol. Pathol 25 421 Squire RA 1997 A quarter century of toxicologic pathology: A personal perspective Toxicol Pathol 25 423 425 Trump BF 1997 A personal perspective on the past, present and future of toxicologic pathology Toxicol Pathol 25 426 428

Veterinary Toxicology

Oehme FW 1970 The development of toxicology as a veterinary discipline in the U.S Clin Toxicol 3 211 220

PIONEERS IN TOXICOLOGY & ALLIED SCIENCES

Toxicologists and those allied to the field seem to appreciate and have a very real sense of the history of their profession. Much of this is due to the fact that historical information is often pertinent to the present. Writings in this area tend to focus on those individuals with the most impact on their profession—that is, those recognized by their peers as distinguished practitioners in the field. Not surprisingly, Paracelsus and Alice Hamilton garner much attention from scribes. But also highlighted are key scientists, those who developed specific techniques, theories, or cannons of the field. Some of the more interesting writings are personal reminiscences from pioneers and those not necessarily recognized as pioneers, but whose careers were devoted to toxicology and allied professions. The following readings are organized alphabetically by toxicology pioneers’ last name.

Albert, Roy

Lippmann M 2003 Scientific contributions of Roy Ernest Albert -1924–2002-, a pioneer in radiation risk assessment and its application to public policy Radiat Res 160 124 129

Barnes, John

Witschi HP 2002 John Morrison Barnes, 1913–1975 Toxicol. Sci 68 267 269

Bernard, Claude

Griffin JP 1993 Famous names in toxicology: Claude Bernard -1813–1878- Adv. Drug React. Toxicol. Revs. 12 213 214

Bucherl, Wolfgang

Lucas S 1998 Wolfgang Bucherl, early toxicologist Toxicon 36 2047 2051

Casarett, Louis

Morrow PE 2001 Louis James Casarett -1927–1972- Toxicol. Sci 63 151 152

Christian, Mildred

Anonymous 2005 Lifetime achievement award, Mildred S. Christian Int J Toxicol 24 1 2

Clarkson, Thomas

Anonymous 1993 1993 Arnold J. Lehman award, Thomas W. Clarkson Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 122 317 318

Cook, Warren

Anonymous 1992 Warren A. Cook, an industrial hygiene pioneer. 1900–1992 Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 53 A-292 A-294

Doull, John

Anonymous 1993 1993 merit award, John Doull Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 122 323 324

Dover, Thomas

Griffin JP 1994 Famous names in toxicology:Doctor Quicksilver, alias Thomas Dover Adv Drug React Toxicol Revs 13 119 120

Eaton, David

Anonymous 1993 1993 achievement award, David L. Eaton Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 122 325

Feldman, Robert

White RF 2005 Occupational and environmental neurology: A pioneer. In memoriam: Robert G. Feldman, M.D., 1933–2003.Am. J. Ind. Med. 47 101 103

Fontana, Abbe

Hawgood BJ 1995 Abbe Felice Fontana -1730–1805-: Founder of modern toxicology Toxicon 33 591 601

Furst, Arthur

Christian MS 2002 ACT lifetime contributin award, 2001. Dr. Arthur Furst—-awardee Int J Toxicol 21 3 4

Golberg, Leon

McClellan RO 2003 The legacy of Leon Golberg -1915–1987- Toxicol. Sci 72 188 192

Guengerich, F. Peter

Anonymous 2005 Distinguished service award, F. Peter Guengerich Int J Toxicol 24 3 4

Haber, Fritz

Witschi HP 2000 Fritz Haber: December 9, 1868—January 29, 1934 Toxicology 149 3 15

Hamilton, Alice

Amster LJ 1986 Gentlewoman explorer in the dangerous trades -Alice Hamilton- Hosp. Pract 21 206 209 212 213 Beatty WK 1979 Alice Hamilton: Pioneer in industrial medicine Proc. Inst. Med. Chic 32 120 Bendiner E 1995 Alice Hamilton’s war on occupational disease Hosp Pract 30 80 88 Cook WA 1988 An impression of Alice Hamilton—physician, industrial hygienist, crusader and friend Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 49 A306 310 Corn JK 1976 Alice Hamilton, M.D., and women’s welfare N Engl J Med 294 316 318 Elia JJ 1970 Alice Hamilton— -1869–1970- N. Engl. J. Med 283 993 994 Fee E Brown TM 2001 Alice Hamilton: Settlement physician, occupational health pioneer Am. J. Public Health 91 1767 Felton JS 1972 Alice Hamilton, M.D.—a century of devotion to humanity J Occup Med 14 106 110 Johnstone RT 1972 One of America’s great physicians -Alice Hamilton- J. Occup. Med 14 105 Kyle RA Shampo MA 1997 Alice Hamilton—pioneer in industrial medicine Mayo Clin. Proc 72 726 Reznikoff P 1972 The grandmother of industrial medicine -Alice Hamilton- J. Occup. Med 14 111 Salerno DF Feitshans IL 2003 Alice Hamilton, MD: Gaining visibility for industrial medicine J. Epidemiol. Community Health 57 791 Taylor W 1991 A life of devotion to industrial health: A tribute to one of America’s great physicians—Dr. Alice Hamilton -1869–1970- Proc. R. Col. Physicians Edinb 21 215 220 Warren JV 1987 Alice Hamilton, M. D. -1869–1970- J. Lab. Clin. Med 109 733 734

Hodge, Harold Carpenter

Morrow PE 2000 Profiles in toxicology: Harold Carpenter Hodge -1904–1990- Toxicol. Sci 53 157 158

Hunt, Vilma

Salerno DF Feitshans IL 2004 Influential women in occupational health. Vilma R. Hunt—nuclear expert, science educator J. Epidemiol. Community Health 58 96

Kaye, Sidney

Dubowski K 1985 Sidney Kaye, Ph.D., internationally renowned forensic toxicologist Am J Forensic Med Pathol 6 167 169

Kenneway, Ernest

Griffin JP 1994 Famous names in toxicology: Sir Ernest Kennaway Adv Drug React Toxicol Revs 13 175 176

Klaassen, Curtis

Anonymous 2002 Distinguished service award, Dr. Curtis D. Klaassen Int. J. Toxicol 21 5 Anonymous 1993 1993 education award, Curtis E. Klaassen Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 122 321

Legge, Thomas

Harrington JJ 1999 1998 and beyond—Legge’s legacy to modern occupational health Ann Occup Hyg 43 1 6 Waldron T 2004 Thomas Morrison Legge -1863–1932-. The first medical factory inspector J Med Biogr 12 202 209

Lehman, Arnold

Oser BL 1968 Arnold J. Lehman Food Cosmet Toxicol 6 119 201 Stirling DA Junod S 2002 Profiles in toxicology: Arnold J. Lehman Toxicol Sci 70 159 160

Lewin, Louis

Macht DI 1931 Louis Lewin: Pharmacologist, toxicologist, medical historian Ann Med Hist 3 179 194

Mably, Thomas

Anonymous 1993 Frank R. Blood award, Thomas A. Mably Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 122 322

Maimonides, Moses

Furst A 2001 Profiles in Toxicology: Moses Maimonides Toxicol Sci 59 196 197

Mithridates

Griffin JP 1995 Famous names in toxicology: Mithridates VI of Pontus, the first experimental toxicologist Adv Drug React Toxicol Revs 14 1 6

Nelson, Norton

Lippman M 2001 Profiles in toxicology: Norton: Nelson Toxicol Sci 64 149 150

Orfila, Mateo

De Sosa CA 1992 Famous names in toxicology: Mateo Orfila -1787–1853- Adv. Drug React. Toxicol. Revs 11 69 70

Paracelsus

Borzelleca JF 2000 Paracelsus: Herald of modern toxicology Toxicol Sci 53 2 4 Guggenheim KY 1993 Paracelsus and the science of nutrition in the renaissance. On occasion of the 500th anniversary of his birth J Nutr 123 1189 1194 Mann RD 1993 Famous names in toxicology: Paracelsus—born 500th years ago Adv Drug React Toxicol Revs 12 81 82 Rozman KK Doull J 2001 Paracelsus, Haber and Arndt Toxicology 7 191 196 Siddiqui MA 2003 Paracelsus: The Hippocrates of the renaissance J Med Biogr 11 78 80

Saunders, Paul

Anonymous 1975 In memoriam, Paul R. Saunders Toxicon 13 305

Sterner, James

Ashenburg NJ Ely T Morrow PB Raleigh RL Scherberger RF Sutton WL 2002 Profiles in toxicology: James Hervi Sterner, -1904–1992- Toxicol. Sci 65 4 6

Taylor, Alfred

Coley NG 1991 Alfred Swine Taylor, MD, FRS -1806–1880-. Forensic toxicologist Med Hist 35 409 427 Rosenfeld L 1985 Alfred Swine Taylor -1806–1880- pioneer toxicologist—and a slight case of murder Clin Chem 31 1235 1236

Trasko, Victoria

Costa CA 1992 Victoria M Trasko: Champion of state-based surveillance of occupational diseases in the U.S., 1937–1971 Am. J. Ind. Med 22 419 428

Warkany, Josef

Brent RL 1982 Biography of Josef Warkany Teratology 25 137 151

Watanabe, Philip

Stott W Bus J 2005 Profiles in toxicology: Philip G. Watanabe Toxicol. Sci 84 211

Watin, Jean

Piper R 1973 Jean Felix Watin. Industrial hygiene pioneer J Soc Occup Med 23 96 98

Widmark, Erik

Andreasson R Jones AW 1995 Erik M. P. Widmark -1889–1945-. Swedish pioneer in forensic alcohol toxicology Forens Sci Int 72 1 14

Wiley, Harvey

Goyan JE 1981 Dr. Harvey Wiley’s brainchild, 75 years later -banquet address- J Assoc Off Anal Chem 64 256 259 Janssen WF 1981 The squad that ate poison FDA Consumer 6 11 Link J Kidwell B 2000 Harvey Wiley: The chemist who led the food safety crusade Prog. Farmer 115 26 30 Stirling DA 2002 Profiles in toxicology: Harvey W. Wiley Toxicol Sci 67 157 158 Stutzman RH 1981 Harvey Washington Wiley: A famous Hoosier and the father of pure food Indiana Med Hist Q 7 20 21

Wilson, James G

Brent RL 1989 In memoriam: James G. Wilson -1915–1987- Teratology 39 317 319

Zbinden, Gerhard

Waser PG 1995 In memory of Gerhard Zbinden -1924–1993-, toxicologist Toxicology 96 167 171

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Some 30 major professional toxicological organizations exist today. In addition, there are numerous societies specific to national boundaries. Combine that with allied organizations and a powerful lobby for human health exists. Fortunately, many toxicology societies take the time to write about the origins of their organization. Also, some writers take a moment to forecast the future or to comment on status—important elements in recognizing the essence of a professional organization. Still others question if there is a need for an overarching toxicology society. The majority of these writings exist in the form of journal articles. The following readings are organized alphabetically by the name of the professional organization.

Umbrella Organizations

Autian J 1980 Is there a need for an umbrella society for all toxicology organizations Clin Toxicol 16 361 363 Autian J 1979 Are we getting too many voices for toxicology? Vet. Hum. Toxicol 21 127

American Academy of Clinical Toxicology

Aldrich FD 1998 Looking back -history of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology- J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 36 397 399 Thoman M 1998 The American Academy of Clinical Toxicology: A historic pediatric perspective J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 36 399 400

American Board of Toxicology

Rinehart WE 2000 The origins of the American Board of Toxicology Toxicol Sci 54 275 276

American College of Toxicology

Christian MS 2005 History of the journal of the American College of Toxicology Int J Toxicol 23 281 284 Christian MS 2004 History of the American College of Toxicology Int J Toxicol 23 285 299

British Toxicology Society

Dayan AD 1993 The Paton prize. The British Toxicology Society and the history of toxicology Hum Exp Toxicol 12 461 462

California Association of Toxicologists

Shaw RF Finkle BS 1979 History and development of the California Association of Toxicologists Clin Toxicol 14 143 146

Environmental Mutagen Society

Brusick D 1994 Personal thoughts on the future of the environmental mutagen society Environ. Mol. Mutagen 23 Suppl. 24 15 17 Frickel S 2001 The environmental mutagen society and the emergence of genetic toxicology: A sociological perspective Mutat Res 488 1 8 Wassom JS 1989 Origins of genetic toxicology and the environmental mutagen society Environ. Mol. Mutagen 14 Suppl. 16 1 6

International Union of Toxicology

Schou J Hodel C 2003 The International Union of Toxicology: History and its role in information on toxicology Toxicology 190 117 124 Schou J Hodel C 1996 Historical evolution of the first international congress of toxicology and the formation of the international union of toxicology Toxicol Lett 88 108 109

Society of Toxicologic Pathologists

Alden CL 1997 Commemoration of the silver anniversary of toxicologic pathology and the society of toxicologic pathologists Toxicol. Pathol 25 421

Society of Toxicology

Anonymous 1975 Society of toxicology founded 1961 Clin Toxicol 8 123 124 Hays HW Carleton FM 1986 Society of Toxicology History, -1961–1986- Washington DC Society of Toxicology Oehme FW 2001 Toxicologists and the founding of the Society of Toxicology Toxicol. Sci 62 360 Plaa GL 2001 Toxicologists and the founding of the society of toxicology Toxicol Sci 60 3 5 Scala RA 2001 The early days of SOT. Society of Toxicology Toxicol Sci 63 3 5

Teratology Society

Shepard TH Barr M Jr Brent RL Hendrickx A Kochhar D Oakley G Scott WJ Jr 2000 A history of the teratology society Teratology 62 301 316 Wilson JG Warkany J 1985 The history of organized teratology in North America Teratology 31 285 296