Three hundred nine African-American and Caucasian alcoholic and nonalcoholic females ranging in age from 20 to 49 years old were individually administered a 77-page questionnaire. Results of a series of multivariate odds-ratio analyses based on self-report from memories of childhood indicate that alcoholic women reported significantly more nightmares, bedwetting, temper tantrums, phobias, bruxism, and nervous problems than nonalcoholic women. They reported significantly more school-related problems including expulsion/suspension, skipping school, trouble with school authorities, and dropping out of high school compared to nonalcoholic women. Feelings of nervousness, loneliness, and embarrassment around peers were reported significantly more often by alcoholic women. The prediction of alcoholism by childhood behavioral dysfunction differed as a function of race or age on only 4 of the 20 variables examined.
AmaroH, BeckmanL J and MaysV M. 1987. A comparison of black and white women entering alcoholism treatment. J Stud Alcohol, 48(3): 220–228.
2.
BeckmanL J. 1978. Self-esteem of women alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol, 39: 491–498.
3.
BourneP. 1973. “Alcoholism in the urban Negro population”. In Alcoholism: Progress in Research and Treatment, Edited by: BourneP and FoxR. 211–226. New York: Academic Press.
4.
BurkJ P and SherK J. 1988. The “forgotten children” revisited: Neglected areas of CDA research. Clin Psychol Rev, 8: 285–302.
5.
BurmanS and Allen-MearesP. 1991. Criteria for selecting practice theories: Working with alcoholic women. Families Soc, 72(7): 387–393.
6.
CaetanoR. 1984. Ethnicity and drinking in northern California: A comparison among whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Alcohol Alcoholism, 19: 31–44.
7.
CahalanD and TreimanB. 1976. Drinking Behavior Attitudes and Problems in Marion County, Berkeley, CA: Alcohol Research Group.
8.
CahalanD. 1970. Problem Drinkers, San Francisco: Josey-Bass.
9.
ChassinL, MannL M and SherK J. 1988. Self-awareness theory, family history of alcoholism and adolescent alcohol involvement. J Abnorm Psychol, 97(2): 206–217.
10.
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 1982. Alcohol Use and Alcohol Problems Among U. S. Adults: Result of the 1979 National Survey, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. (Alcohol and Health Monograph No. 1)
11.
ClaytonR R, VossH L, RobbinsC and SkinnerW F. 1982. “Gender differences in drug use: An epidemiological perspective”. In Alcohol Use and Alcohol Problems Among U. S. Adults: Results of the 1979 National Survey, 80–99. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. (Alcohol and Health Monograph No. 1)
12.
CooperJ L, RussellM and GeorgeW H. 1988. Coping, expectancies, and alcohol abuse: A test of social learning formulations. J Abnorm Psychol, 97(2): 218–230.
13.
CorriganE M and AndersonS C. 1982. Black alcoholic women in treatment. Focus Women, 3: 49–58.
14.
CovingtonS S and KohenJ. 1984. Women, alcohol and sexuality. Cultural and sociological aspects of alcoholism and substance abuse, 28: 41–56.
15.
DavisL JJr. and MorseR M. 1987. Age and sex differences in the responses of alcoholics to the self-administered alcoholism screening test. J Clin Psychol, 43(3): 423–430.
16.
DawkinsM P and HarperF D. 1983. Alcoholism among women: A comparison of black and white problem drinkers. Int J Addic, 18: 333–349.
17.
Department of Health and Human Services. 1989. Alcohol Abuse in Blacks and Whites as Indicated in the Epidemiological Catchment Area Program, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. (NIAAA Demograph No. 18, Publication No. ADM89–1435)
18.
EpsteinC F. 1972. Positive effects of the multiple negative: Explaining the success of black professional women. Am J Sociol, : 912–935.
19.
FichterJ H. 1967. Career expectations of Negro women graduates. Mon Labor Rev, 90(11): 36–42.
20.
GombergE S. 1986. Women and Alcoholism: Psychological Issues, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Women and Alcohol: Health Related Issues (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 16, DHHS No. ADM 86–1139)
21.
GombergE S. 1974. “Women and alcoholism”. In Women in Therapy: New Psychotherapics for a Changing Society, Edited by: FranksV and BurtleV. 169–190. New York: Brunncll-Mazel.
22.
GombergE S. 1989. Alcoholic women in treatment: Early histories and early problem behaviors. Adv Alcohol Substance Abuse, 8(2): 133–147.
23.
GombergE S and NirenbergT D. 1993. Women and Substance Abuse, Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
24.
GurinP and EppsE. 1975. Black Consciousness, Identity and Achievement: A Study of Students in Historical Black Colleges, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
25.
GustafsonR. 1989. Self-reported expected emotional changes as a function of alcohol intoxication by alcoholic men and women. Psychol Rep, 65(1): 67–74.
26.
HarrisonA O. 1979. “Black women”. In Toward Understanding Women, Edited by: O'LearyV E. CA: Brooks/Cole.
27.
HerdD. 1989. “The epidemiology of drinking patterns and alcohol-related problems among U. S. blacks”. In The Epidemiology of Alcohol Use and Abuse Among U. S. Minorities, 3–50. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA Monograph No. 18. Department of Health and Human Services Publication No. ADM 89–1435)
28.
HullJ G. 1981. A self-awareness model of the causes and effects of alcohol consumption. J. Abnorm Psychol, 90: 586–600.
29.
HullJ G. 1987. “Self-awareness model”. In Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism, Edited by: BlancH T and LeonardK E. 272–304. New York: Guilford Press.
30.
JacobT and ScilhamerR A. 1987. “Alcoholism and family interaction”. In Family Interaction and Psychopathology: Theories, Methods, and Findings, Edited by: JacobT. 535–580. New York: Plenum.
31.
LelandJ. 1984. “Alcohol use and abuse in US ethnic minority women”. In Alcohol Problems in Women, Edited by: WilsnackS L and BeckmanL J. 66–96. New York: Guilford Press.
32.
LipscombW and TrockiK. 1981. Black Drinking Practices Study: Report to the Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs(Contract No. R-0034–9, A-2). CA
33.
Lisansky-GombergE S and NirenbergT D. 1991. Women and substance abuse. J. Substance Abuse, 3: 255–267.
34.
LyonD and GreenbergJ. 1991. Evidence of codependency in women with an alcoholic parent: Helping out Mr. Wrong. J. Personal Soc Psychol, 61(3): 435–439.
35.
Magruder-HabibK, SaltzC C and BaronP M. 1986. Age related patterns of alcoholism among veterans in ambulatory care. Hosp Commun Psychiatry, 37: 1251–1255.
36.
MarlattG A. 1981. “The drinking history: Problems of validity and reliability”. In Evaluation of the Alcoholic: Implications for Research, Theory and Treatment, Edited by: MeyerR E, BaborT F, GlucckB C, JaffeJ H, O'BrienJ E and StabcnauJ R. 25–39. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 5, DHHS Publication No. ADM 81–1033)
37.
MarlattG A and GordonJ R. 1985. Relapse Prevention, New York: Guilford Press.
38.
McLachlanJ FC, WaldermanR L, BirchmoreD F and MarsdenL R. 1979. Self-evaluation, role satisfaction, and anxiety in the women alcoholic. Int J Addict, 14: 809–832.
39.
MillerB A, DownW R and GondoliD M. 1989. Delinquency, childhood violence, and the development of alcoholism in women. Crime Delinq, 35(1): 94–108.
40.
MillsJ K, TariconeP F and BordieriJ E. 1990. Oral character and alcoholism. Psychol J Hum Behav, 27(3): 1–6.
41.
NiauraR S, RohsenowD J, BinkoffJ A, MontiP M, PedrazaM and AbramsD B. 1988. Relevance of cue reactivity to understanding alcohol and smoking relapse. J Abnorm Psychol, 97(2): 133–152.
42.
RobinsL N. 1989. “Alcohol abuse in blacks and whites as indicated in the epidemiological catchment area program”. In The Epidemiology of Alcohol Use and Abuse Among U. S. Minorities, 63–73. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA Monograph No. 18, Department of Health and Human Services Publication No. ADM 89–1435)
43.
RobinsL N, MurphyG E and BreckinridgeM B. 1968. Drinking behavior of young urban Negro men. QJ Stud Alcohol, 29: 657–684.
44.
RussellM. 1989. “Alcohol use and related problems among black and white gynecologic patients”. In The Epidemiology of Alcohol Use and Abuse Among U. S. Minorities, 75–94. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA Monograph No. 18, Department of Health and Human Services Publication No. ADM 89–1435)
45.
RussellM, HendersonC and BlumeS. 1985. Children of Alcoholics: A Review of the Literature, New York: Children of Alcoholics Foundation.
46.
SchuckitM A and MorriseyE R. 1976. “Alcoholism in some clinical and social perspectives with an emphasis on possible subtypes”. In Alcoholism Problems in Women and Children, Edited by: GreenblattM and Schuckit. 5–35. New York: Grune & Stratton.
47.
SherK J, WalitzerK S, WoodP K and BrentE E. 1991. Characteristics of children of alcoholics: Punitive risk factors, substance use and abuse, and psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol, 100(4): 427–448.
48.
ShiffmanS. 1986. A cluster-analytic classification of smoking relapse episodes. Addic Bchav, 11: 292–307.
49.
SmartR G. 1975. Recent studies of the validity and reliability of self-reported drug use, 1970–1974. Can J Crim Correct, 17: 326–333.
50.
SteinglassP and RobertsonA. 1983. “The alcoholic family”. In The Pathogenesis of Alcoholism: Psychosocial Factors, Edited by: KissinB and BegleiterH. 243–307. New York: Plenum Press.
51.
SterneM and PittmanD. 1972. Drinking Practices in the Ghetto, Vols I and II, St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Social Science Institute.
52.
WarheitG, AreyS and SwansonE. 1976. Pattern drug use: An epidemiological overview. Issues, 6(3): 223–237.
53.
WestM O and PrinzR J. 1987. Parental alcoholism and childhood psychopathology. Psychol Bull, 102: 204–218.
54.
ClarkW B and MidanikL. “Alcohol use and alcohol problems among U. S. adults: Results of the 1979 national survey”. In Alcohol Consumption and Related Problems, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (Alcohol and Health Monograph No. 1, Department of Health and Human Services Publication No. ADM 82–1190)
