The unique physical and chemical properties of monometallic nanoparticles have been comprehensively explored. Analogously, the combination of two metals induces alterations in the system's electron density, termed as Bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNP's) were found to be more desirable than monometallic nanoparticles due to improved stability, activity, and selectivity, thus altering the chemical, optical, and electrical properties. In this review, we showcase the importance in the context of biomedical applications. The article sheds light on utilising BMNP's in the field of theranostics, diagnosis, and therapeutics by focusing on anticancer, antimicrobial and wound healing activity along with the toxicological problems associated with BMNP's. In conclusion, BMNP's can be used as a novel therapeutic and diagnostic system to tackle major health concerns.
RudramurthyGRSwamyMKSinniahURNanoparticles: alternatives against drug-resistantpathogenic microbes. Molecules. 2016; 21:836.
2.
JahangirianHLemraskiEGWebsterTJA review of drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology and green chemistry: green nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine. 2017; 12:2957.
3.
WatkinsRWuLZhangCNatural product-based nanomedicine: recent advances and issues. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015; 10:6055.
4.
DuanSWangR.Bimetallic nanostructures with magnetic and noble metals and their physicochemical applications. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int. 2013; 23:113–126.
5.
KhodashenasBGhorbaniHR.Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with different shapes. Arab J Chem. 2019; 12:1823–1838.
6.
SharmaGGuptaVKAgarwalSFabrication and characterization of Fe@ MoPO nanoparticles: ion exchange behavior and photocatalytic activity against malachite green. J Mol Liq. 2016; 219:1137–1143.
7.
SharmaGNaushadMUKumarALanthanum/cadmium/polyaniline bimetallic nanocomposite for the photodegradation of organic pollutant. Iran Polym J. 2015; 24:1003–1013. doi:10.1007/s13726-015-0388-2.
8.
SharmaGKumarASharmaSNovel development of nanoparticles to BMNP's and their composites: a review. J King Saud Univ-Sci. 2019; 31:257–269.
9.
Medina-CruzDSalehBVernet-CruaABMNP's for biomedical applications: a review. In: B Li T Moriarty WebsterT, editors. Racing Surf. Cham: Springer; 2020. p. 397–434.
10.
OdularuAT.Metal nanoparticles: thermal decomposition, biomedicinal applications to cancer treatment, and future perspectives. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2018; 2018:1–6.
11.
GhaneMSadeghiBJafariARSynthesis and characterization of a bi-oxide nanoparticle ZnO/CuO by thermal decomposition of oxalate precursor method, (2010).
12.
AsanovaTIAsanovIPKimM-GOn formation mechanism of Pd–Ir BMNP's through thermal decomposition of [Pd (NH 3) 4][IrCl 6]. J Nanoparticle Res. 2013; 15:1994.
13.
KatwalRKaurHSharmaGElectrochemical synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity. J Ind Eng Chem. 2015; 31:173–184.
14.
HuangZZhouHLiCPreparation of well-dispersed PdAu BMNP's on reduced graphene oxide sheets with excellent electrochemical activity for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media. J Mater Chem. 2012; 22:1781–1785.
15.
AkinsikuAADareEOAjanakuKOModeling and synthesis of Ag and Ag/Ni allied BMNP's by green method: optical and biological properties. Int J Biomater. 2018; 2018:1–17.
16.
LouisC.Chemical preparation of supported bimetallic catalysts. Gold-Based Bimetallic, a Case study, Catalysts. 2016; 6:110.
17.
LiuXWangAWangXAu–Cu alloy nanoparticles confined in SBA-15 as a highly efficient catalyst for CO oxidation. Chem Commun. 2008;27:3187–3189.
18.
LiuXWangAZhangTAu–cu alloy nanoparticles supported on silica gel as catalyst for CO oxidation: effects of Au/Cu ratios. Catal Today. 2011; 160:103–108.
19.
ReganMRBanerjeeIA.Preparation of Au–Pd BMNP's in porous germania nanospheres: a study of their morphology and catalytic activity. Scr Mater. 2006; 54:909–914.
20.
NguyenMTZhangHDengLAu/Cu BMNP's via double-target sputtering onto a liquid polymer. Langmuir. 2017; 33:12389–12397.
21.
OkazakiKKiyamaTHiraharaKSingle-step synthesis of gold–silver alloy nanoparticles in ionic liquids by a sputter deposition technique. Chem Commun. 2008;6:691–693.
22.
GuoXBraultPZhiGSynergistic combination of plasma sputtered Pd–Au BMNP's for catalytic methane combustion. J Phys Chem C. 2011; 115:11240–11246.
23.
SharmaGKumarANaushadMPolyacrylamide@ Zr (IV) vanadophosphate nanocomposite: ion exchange properties, antibacterial activity, and photocatalytic behavior. J Ind Eng Chem. 2016; 33:201–208.
24.
Zielińska-JurekAHupkaJ.Preparation and characterization of Pt/Pd-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles for visible light irradiation. Catal Today. 2014; 230:181–187.
25.
RosselerOLouvetAKellerVEnhanced CO photocatalytic oxidation in the presence of humidity by tuning composition of Pd–Pt BMNP's supported on TiO2. Chem Commun. 2011; 47:5331–5333.
26.
BehnajadyMAEskandarlooH.Characterization and photocatalytic activity of Ag–Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel method. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2013; 13:548–553.
27.
HaiZKolliNEChenJRadiolytic synthesis of Au–Cu BMNP's supported on TiO2: application in photocatalysis. New J Chem. 2014; 38:5279–5286.
28.
HaiZEl KolliNUribeDBModification of TiO2 by bimetallic Au–Cu nanoparticles for wastewater treatment. J Mater Chem A. 2013; 1:10829–10835.
29.
SandovalAAguilarALouisCBimetallic Au–Ag/TiO2 catalyst prepared by deposition–precipi-tation: high activity and stability in CO oxidation. J Catal. 2011; 281:40–49.
30.
WangH-KYiC-YTianLAg-Cu BMNP's prepared by microemulsion method as catalyst for epoxidation of styrene. J Nanomater. 2012; 2012:1–8.
31.
AhmedJRamanujacharyKVLoflandSEBimetallic Cu–Ni nanoparticles of varying composition (CuNi3, CuNi, Cu3Ni). Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp. 2008; 331:206–212.
32.
WenMLiuQ-YWangY-FPositive microemulsion synthesis and magnetic property of amorphous multicomponent Co-, Ni-and Cu-based alloy nanoparticles. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp. 2008; 318:238–244.
33.
FengJZhangC-P.Preparation of Cu–Ni alloy nanocrystallites in water-in-oil microemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2006; 293:414–420.
34.
FengS-HLiG-H.Hydrothermal and solvothermal syntheses. In: Xu RurenXuYan, editors. Mod. Inorg. Synth. Chem. 2. China: Elsevier; 2017. p. 73–104.
35.
JingyuSJianshuHYanxiaCHydrothermal synthesis of Pt-Ru/MWCNTs and its electrocatalytic properties for oxidation of methanol. Int J Electrochem Sci. 2007; 2:64–71.
36.
SharmaGDionysiouDDSharmaSHighly efficient Sr/Ce/activated carbon bimetallic nanocomposite for photoinduced degradation of rhodamine B. Catal Today. 2019; 335:437–451. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2019.03.063.
37.
SharmaGKumarASharmaSFabrication of oxidized graphite supported La2O3/ZrO2 nanocomposite for the photoremediation of toxic fast green dye. J Mol Liq. 2019; 277:738–748. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.126.
38.
SharmaGKumarANaushadMPhotoremediation of toxic dye from aqueous environment using monometallic and bimetallic quantum dots based nanocomposites. J Clean Prod. 2018; 172:2919–2930. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.122.
39.
SharmaGKumarASharmaSFe3O4/ZnO/Si3N4 nanocomposite based photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes from aqueous solution. Mater Lett. 2020; 278:128359. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128359.
40.
ZhangB-WShengTWangY-XPlatinum–cobalt BMNP's with Pt skin for electro-oxidation of ethanol. ACS Catal. 2017; 7:892–895.
41.
GaoYWangFWuYComparison of degradation mechanisms of microcystin-LR using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and bimetallic Fe/Ni and Fe/Pd nanoparticles. Chem Eng J. 2016; 285:459–466.
42.
LiuJZhuYLiuCExcellent selectivity with high conversion in the semihydrogenation of alkynes using palladium-based bimetallic catalysts. ChemCatChem. 2017; 9:4053–4057.
43.
YinZGaoDYaoSHighly selective palladium-copper bimetallic electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. Nano Energy. 2016; 27:35–43.
44.
EteyaMMRounaghiGHDeiminiatB.Fabrication of a new electrochemical sensor based on AuPt BMNP's decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes for determination of diclofenac. Microchem J. 2019; 144:254–260.
45.
AmiripourFAziziSNGhasemiS.Gold-copper BMNP's supported on nano P zeolite modified carbon paste electrode as an efficient electrocatalyst and sensitive sensor for determination of hydrazine. Biosens Bioelectron. 2018; 107:111–117.
46.
ZhouYXuMLiuYGreen synthesis of Se/Ru alloy nanoparticles using gallic acid and evaluation of theiranti-invasive effects in HeLa cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2016; 144:118–124.
47.
McGrathAJChienY-HCheongSGold over branched palladium nanostructures for photothermal cancer therapy. Acs Nano. 2015; 9:12283–12291.
48.
KumariMMJacobJPhilipD.Green synthesis and applications of Au–Ag BMNP's. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2015; 137:185–192.
49.
YuHHeY.Seed-assisted synthesis of dendritic Au–Ag BMNP's with chemiluminescence activity and their application in glucose detection. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2015; 209:877–882.
50.
SahuNKGuptaJBahadurD.PEGylated FePt–Fe3O4 composite nanoassemblies (CNAs): in vitro hyperthermia, drug delivery and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dalton Trans. 2015; 44:9103–9113.
51.
NahaPCLauKCHsuJCGold silver alloy nanoparticles (GSAN): an imaging probe for breast cancer screening with dual-energy mammography or computed tomography. Nanoscale. 2016; 8:13740–13754.
52.
HorcajadaPChalatiTSerreCPorous metal–organic-framework nanoscale carriers as a potential platform for drug delivery and imaging. Nat Mater. 2010; 9:172–178.
53.
LaiJLuqueRXuG.Recent advances in the synthesis and electrocatalytic applications of platinum-based bimetallic alloy nanostructures. ChemCatChem. 2015; 7:3206–3228.
54.
LaiJNiuWLuqueRSolvothermal synthesis of metal nanocrystals and their applications. Nano Today. 2015; 10:240–267.
55.
PorterNSWuHQuanZShape-control and electrocatalytic activity-enhancement of Pt-based bimetallic nanocrystals. Acc Chem Res. 2013; 46:1867–1877.
56.
TianKPrestgardMTiwariA.A review of recent advances in nonenzymatic glucose sensors. Mater Sci Eng C. 2014; 41:100–118.
57.
WangG-HHilgertJRichterFHPlatinum–cobalt BMNP's in hollow carbon nanospheres for hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Nat Mater. 2014; 13:293–300.
AzizaWBPetitJFDemirciUBBimetallic nickel-based nanocatalysts for hydrogen generation from aqueous hydrazine borane: Investigation of iron, cobalt and palladium as the second metal. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2014; 39:16919–16926.
60.
BokareADChikateRCRodeCVIron-nickel BMNP's for reductive degradation of azo dye orange G in aqueous solution. Appl Catal B Environ. 2008; 79:270–278.
61.
LongFZhangZWangJCobalt-nickel BMNP's decorated graphene sensitized imprinted electrochemical sensor for determination of octylphenol. Electrochim Acta. 2015; 168:337–345.
62.
BeluominiMAda SilvaJLde SáACElectrochemical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymer on nanostructured carbon materials: a review. J Electroanal Chem. 2019; 840:343–366.
63.
MurazaOGaladimaA.A review on coke management during dry reforming of methane. Int J Energy Res. 2015; 39:1196–1216.
64.
BianZDasSWaiMHA review on bimetallic nickel-based catalysts for CO2 reforming of methane. Chem Phys Chem. 2017; 18:3117–3134.
65.
SchrickBBloughJLJonesADHydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene to hydrocarbons using bimetallic nickel− iron nanoparticles. Chem Mater. 2002; 14:5140–5147.
66.
VarimaNBokareADChikateRCReductive dechlorination of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane using Fe-Pd BMNP's. J Hazard Mater. 2010; 175:680–687.
67.
NybomSMKDzigaDHeikkiläJECharacterization of microcystin-LR removal process in the presence of probiotic bacteria. Toxicon. 2012; 59:171–181.
68.
LiXElliottDWZhangW.Zero-valent iron nanoparticles for abatement of environmental pollutants: materials and engineering aspects. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci. 2006; 31:111–122.
69.
JacobsonMHDarrowLABarrDBSerum Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and thyroid function among Michigan adults several decades after the 1973–1974 PBB contamination of livestock feed. Environ Health Perspect. 2017; 125:097020.
70.
WangRTangTHuangKDebromination of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) by zero valent metals and iron-based bimetallic particles: mechanisms, pathways and predicting descriptor. Chem Eng J. 2018; 351:773–781.
71.
TeeY-HBachasLBhattacharyyaD.Degradation of trichloroethylene by iron-based BMNP's. J Phys Chem C. 2009; 113:9454–9464.
72.
LiRGaoYJinXFenton-like oxidation of 2, 4-DCP in aqueous solution using iron-based nanoparticles as the heterogeneous catalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2015; 438:87–93.
73.
LiYFanXQiJPalladium nanoparticle-graphene hybrids as active catalysts for the Suzuki reaction. Nano Res. 2010; 3:429–437.
74.
VilcocqLCabiacAEspecelCTransformation of sorbitol to biofuels by heterogeneous catalysis: chemical and industrial considerations. Oil Gas Sci Technol D'IFP Energ Nouv. 2013; 68:841–860.
75.
HeugebaertTSDe CorteSSabbeTBiodeposited Pd/Au BMNP's as novel Suzuki catalysts. Tetrahedron Lett. 2012; 53:1410–1412.
76.
KwonEEKimYTKimHJProduction of high-octane gasoline via hydrodeoxygenation of sorbitol over palladium-based bimetallic catalysts. J Environ Manage. 2018; 227:329–334.
ChenHZuoXSuSAn electrochemical sensor for pesticide assays based on carbon nanotube-enhanced acetycholinesterase activity. Analyst. 2008; 133:1182–1186.
80.
UpadhyaySRaoGRSharmaMKImmobilization of acetylcholineesterase–choline oxidase on a gold–platinum BMNP's modified glassy carbon electrode for the sensitive detection of organophosphate pesticides, carbamates and nerve agents. Biosens Bioelectron. 2009; 25:832–838.
81.
LandonPCollierPJCarleyAFDirect synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from H2 and O2 using Pd and Au catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2003; 5:1917–1923.
82.
PritchardJKesavanLPiccininiMDirect synthesis of hydrogen peroxide and benzyl alcohol oxidation using Au− Pd catalysts prepared by sol immobilization. Langmuir. 2010; 26:16568–16577.
83.
EnacheDIEdwardsJKLandonPSolvent-free oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes using Au-Pd/TiO2 catalysts. Science. 2006; 311:362–365.
84.
Della PinaCFallettaERossiM.Highly selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde catalyzed by bimetallic gold–copper catalyst. J Catal. 2008; 260:384–386.
85.
WangXSunSHuangZPreparation and catalytic activity of PVP-protected Au/Ni BMNP's for hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of basic NaBH4 solution. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2014; 39:905–916.
86.
CuiYRenBYaoJ-LSynthesis of AgcoreAushell BMNP's for immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B. 2006; 110:4002–4006.
87.
RogachAL.Nanofabrication towards biomedical applications.techniques, tools, applications, and impact. Edited by Challa S. S. R. Kumar, Josef Hormes, and Carola Leuschner. Small. 2005; 1:1010–1010. doi:10.1002/smll.200500222.
88.
AhmedKZaidiSF.Treating cancer with heat: hyperthermia as promising strategy to enhance apoptosis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013; 63:504.
89.
Toraya-BrownSFieringS.Local tumour hyperthermia as immunotherapy for metastatic cancer. Int J Hyperthermia. 2014; 30:531–539.
90.
CherukuriPGlazerESCurleySA.Targeted hyperthermia using metal nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010; 62:339–345.
91.
McNamaraKTofailSA.Nanosystems: the use of nanoalloys, metallic, bimetallic, and magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015; 17:27981–27995.
92.
DanielM-CAstrucD.Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. Chem Rev. 2004; 104:293–346.
93.
ShiSHuangYChenXOptimization of surface coating on small Pd nanosheets for in vivo near-infrared photothermal therapy of tumor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015; 7:14369–14375.
94.
ClCLrKSyLPhotothermal cancer therapy via femtosecond-laser-excited FePt nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2012; 34:1128–1134. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.044.
95.
DasPMudigundaSVDarabdharaGBiocompatible functionalized AuPd BMNP's decorated on reduced graphene oxide sheets for photothermal therapy of targeted cancer cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2020: 112028. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112028.
96.
CuiBZMarinescuMLiuJF.High magnetization Fe-Co and Fe-Ni submicron and nanosize particles by thermal decomposition and hydrogen reduction. J Appl Phys. 2014; 115:17A315.
97.
WanJCaiWMengXMonodisperse water-soluble magnetite nanoparticles prepared by polyol process for high-performance magnetic resonance imaging. Chem Commun. 2007;47:5004–5006.
98.
KuznetsovAALeontievVGBrukvinVALocal radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia using CuNi nanoparticles with therapeutically suitable Curie temperature. J Magn Magn Mater. 2007; 311:197–203.
99.
WilczewskaAZNiemirowiczKMarkiewiczKHNanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Pharmacol Rep. 2012; 64:1020–1037.
100.
KumarSMajhiRKSinghACarbohydrate-coated gold-silver nanoparticles for efficient elimination of multidrug resistant bacteria and in vivo wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019; 11:42998–43017. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b17086.
101.
ZhaoXJiaYDongRBMNP's against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Chem Commun. 2020; 56:10918–10921. doi:10.1039/D0CC03481A.
102.
SharmaMYadavSGaneshNBiofabrication and characterization of flavonoid-loaded Ag, Au, Au–Ag BMNP's using seed extract of the plant Madhuca longifolia for the enhancement in wound healing bio-efficacy. Prog Biomater. 2019; 8:51–63.
AsharaniPVLianwuYIGongZComparison of the toxicity of silver, gold and platinum nanoparticles in developing zebrafish embryos. Nanotoxicology. 2011; 5:43–54.
105.
YangQPengJXiaoYPorous Au@ Pt nanoparticles: therapeutic platform for tumor chemo-photothermal co-therapy and alleviating doxorubicin-induced oxidative damage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018; 10:150–164.
106.
WuWShenJGaiZMulti-functional core-shell hybrid nanogels for pH-dependent magnetic manipulation, fluorescent pH-sensing, and drug delivery. Biomaterials. 2011; 32:9876–9887.
107.
HoseinzadehEMakhdoumiPTahaPA review on nano-antimicrobials: metal nanoparticles, methods and mechanisms. Curr Drug Metab. 2017; 18:120–128.
108.
FormaggioDMDde Oliveira NetoXARodriguesLDAIn vivo toxicity and antimicrobial activity of AuPt BMNP's. J Nanoparticle Res. 2019; 21:244. doi:10.1007/s11051-019-4683-2.
109.
BaptistaPVMcCuskerMPCarvalhoANano-strategies to fight multidrug resistant bacteria – ‘A Battle of the Titans’. Front Microbiol. 2018; 9:1441.
110.
SyedBKarthikNBhatPPhyto-biologic BMNP's bearing antibacterial activity against human pathogens. J King Saud Univ – Sci. 2019; 31:798–803. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2018.01.008.
111.
NazeruddinGMPrasadRNShaikhYISynergetic effect of Ag-Cu BMNP's on antimicrobial activity. Pharm Lett. 2014; 3:129–136.
112.
PaszkiewiczMGołąbiewskaARajskiŁSynthesis and characterization of monometallic (Ag, Cu) and bimetallic Ag-Cu particles for antibacterial and antifungal applications. J Nanomater. 2016; 2016:e2187940. doi:10.1155/2016/2187940.
113.
PerdikakiAGaleouAPilatosGAg and Cu monometallic and Ag/Cu bimetallic nanoparticle–graphene composites with enhanced antibacterial performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016; 8:27498–27510. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b08403.
114.
SharmaMHazraSBasuS.Synthesis of heterogeneous Ag-Cu bimetallic monolith with different mass ratios and their performances for catalysis and antibacterial activity. Adv Powder Technol. 2017; 28:3085–3094.
115.
BanerjeeMSharmaSChattopadhyayAEnhanced antibacterial activity of bimetallic gold-silver core–shell nanoparticles at low silver concentration. Nanoscale. 2011; 3:5120–5125. doi:10.1039/C1NR10703H.
116.
RamakritinanCMKaarunyaEShankarSAntibacterial effects of Ag, Au and bimetallic (Ag-Au) nanoparticles synthesized from red algae, in: Solid state phenom. Trans Tech Publ. 2013; 201:211–230.
117.
Van TienHTriNAnhNPCharacterization and antibacterial activity of silver-manganese BMNP's biofabricated using arachis pintoi extract. Int J Pharm Phytopharm Res EIJPPR. 2020; 10:70–76.
118.
HuMLiCLiXZinc oxide/silver bimetallic nanoencapsulated in PVP/PCL nanofibres for improved antibacterial activity. Artif Cells Nanomedi-cine Biotechnol. 2018; 46:1248–1257. doi:10.1080/21691401.2017.1366339.
119.
AkinsikuAADareEOAjanakuKOModeling and synthesis of Ag and Ag/Ni Allied BMNP's by green method: optical and biological properties. Int J Biomater. 2018; 2018:e9658080. doi:10.1155/2018/9658080.
120.
GutiérrezJACaballeroSDíazLAHigh antifungal activity against candida species of monometallic and BMNP's synthesized in nanoreactors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2018; 4:647–653.
121.
SchremlSSzeimiesR-MPrantlLWound healing in the 21st century. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010; 63:866–881.
122.
MartinPNunanR.Cellular and molecular mechanisms of repair in acute and chronic wound healing. Br J Dermatol. 2015; 173:370–378.
123.
AhmadiMAdibhesamiM.The effect of silver nanoparticles on wounds contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice: an experimental study. Iran J Pharm Res IJPR. 2017; 16:661.
124.
Biondi-ZoccaiGGLotrionteMAgostoniPA systematic review and meta-analysis on the hazards of discontinuing or not adhering to aspirin among 50 279 patients at risk for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27:2667–2674.
125.
ParaniMLokhandeGSinghAEngineered nanomaterials for infection control and healing acute and chronic wounds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016; 8:10049–10069.
126.
TanerMSayarNYulugIGSynthesis, characterization and antibacterial investigation of silver–copper nanoalloys. J Mater Chem. 2011; 21:13150–13154.
127.
KimH-ELeeH-JKimMSDifferential microbicidal effects of bimetallic iron–copper nanoparticles on Escherichia coli and MS2 Coliphage. Environ Sci Technol. 2019; 53:2679–2687.
128.
DasMGoswamiUKandimallaRIron–copper bimetallic nanocomposite reinforced dressing materials for infection control and healing of diabetic wound. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2019; 2:5434–5445.
129.
OrlowskiPZmigrodzkaMTomaszewskaEPolyphenol-conjugated bimetallic Au@ AgNPs for improved wound healing. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020; 15:4969–4990.
130.
PetryayevaEKrullUJ.Localized surface plasmon resonance: nanostructures, bioassays and biosensing – a review. Anal Chim Acta. 2011; 706:8–24.
131.
YooDLeeJ-HShinT-HTheranostic magnetic nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res. 2011; 44:863–874.
SrinoiPChenY-TVitturVBMNP's: enhanced magnetic and optical properties for emerging biological applications. Appl Sci. 2018; 8:1106.
134.
ZhaoMBeauregardDALoizouLNon-invasive detection of apoptosis using magnetic resonance imaging and a targeted contrast agent. Nat Med. 2001; 7:1241–1244.
135.
SemelkaRCHelmbergerTK.Contrast agents for MR imaging of the liver. Radiology. 2001; 218:27–38.
136.
ReimerPBalzerT.Ferucarbotran (Resovist): a new clinically approved RES-specific contrast agent for contrast-enhanced MRI of the liver: properties, clinical development, and applications. Eur Radiol. 2003; 13:1266–1276.
137.
SimonGHBauerJSaborovskiOT1 and T2 relaxivity of intracellular and extracellular USPIO at 1.5T and 3T clinical MR scanning. Eur Radiol. 2006; 16:738–745.
138.
SunS.Recent advances in chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and applications of FePt nanoparticles. Adv Mater. 2006; 18:393–403.
139.
SaitaSMaenosonoS.Formation mechanism of FePt nanoparticles synthesized via pyrolysis of iron (III) ethoxide and platinum (II) acetylacetonate. Chem Mater. 2005; 17:6624–6634.
YangHZhangJTianQOne-pot synthesis of amphiphilic superparamagnetic FePt nanoparticles and magnetic resonance imaging in vitro. J Magn Magn Mater. 2010; 322:973–977.
142.
ZhangJYangHFangJSynthesis and oxygen reduction activity of shape-controlled Pt3Ni nanopolyhedra. Nano Lett. 2010; 10:638–644.
143.
ChoiS-IChoiRHanSWShape-controlled synthesis of Pt3Co nanocrystals with high electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction. Chem Eur J. 2011; 17:12280–12284.
144.
YinSLiZChengLMagnetic PEGylated Pt 3 Co nanoparticles as a novel MR contrast agent: in vivo MR imaging and long-term toxicity study. Nanoscale. 2013; 5:12464–12473.
145.
JunY-WLeeJ-HCheonJ.Chemical design of nanoparticle probes for high-performance magnetic resonance imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008; 47:5122–5135.
146.
SeoWSLeeJHSunXFeco/graphitic-shell nanocrystals as advanced magnetic-resonance-imaging and near-infrared agents. Nat Mater. 2006; 5:971–976.
147.
FanHJGöseleUZachariasM.Formation of nanotubes and hollow nanoparticles based on Kirkendall and diffusion processes: a review. Small. 2007; 3:1660–1671.
148.
PaulA.The Kirkendall effect in solid state diffusion. Lab Mater Interface Chem. 2004; 1:1–146.
149.
GiovagniniLRonconiLAldinucciDSynthesis, characterization, and comparative in vitro cytotoxicity studies of platinum (II), palladium (II), and gold (III) methylsarcosinedithiocarbamate complexes. J Med Chem. 2005; 48:1588–1595.
150.
GaoJLiangGCheungJSMultifunctional yolk− shell nanoparticles: a potential MRI contrast and anticancer agent. J Am Chem Soc. 2008; 130:11828–11833.
151.
BrinkJA.Use of high concentration contrast media (HCCM): principles and rationale – body CT. Eur J Radiol. 2003; 45:S53–S58.
152.
KongWHLeeWJCuiZYNanoparticulate carrier containing water-insoluble iodinated oil as a multifunctional contrast agent for computed tomography imaging. Biomaterials. 2007; 28:5555–5561.
153.
JeongJMKimYJLeeYSLipiodol solution of a lipophilic agent, 188Re-TDD, for the treatment of liver cancer. Nucl Med Biol. 2001; 28:197–204.
154.
RabinOPerezJMGrimmJAn X-ray computed tomography imaging agent based on long-circulating bismuth sulphide nanoparticles. Nat Mater. 2006; 5:118–122.
155.
LyonJLFlemingDAStoneMBSynthesis of Fe oxide core/Au shell nanoparticles by iterative hydroxylamine seeding. Nano Lett. 2004; 4:719–723.
156.
GuoRWangHPengCX-ray attenuation property of dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C. 2010; 114:50–56.
157.
ZhangSQiYYangHOptimization of the composition of bimetallic core/shell Fe 2 O 3/Au nanoparticles for MRI/CT dual-mode imaging. J Nanoparticle Res. 2013; 15:2023.
158.
EwesuedoRBRatainMJ.Principles of cancer chemo-therapy. In: VokesE.EGolombH.M, editors. Oncol. Ther. 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2003. p. 19–66.
159.
SkeelRTKhleifSN.Handbook of cancer chemotherapy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
160.
WongHLBendayanRRauthAMChemotherapy with anticancer drugs encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007; 59:491–504.
161.
YangFJinCSubediSEmerging inorganic nanomaterials for pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Treat Rev. 2012; 38:566–579.
162.
JiangTSongJZhangWAu–ag@ Au hollow nanostructure with enhanced chemical stability and improved photothermal transduction efficiency for cancer treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015; 7:21985–21994.
163.
Van MeerlooJKaspersGJCloosJ.Cell sensitivity assays: the MTT assay. In: CreeI, editor. Cancer cell Cult. 1. USA: Humana Press; 2011. p. 237–245.
164.
CrowleyLCMarfellBJScottAPQuantitation of apoptosis and necrosis by annexin V binding, propidium iodide uptake, and flow cytometry. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2016; 2016:pdb. prot087288.
165.
HildebrandtBWustPAhlersOThe cellular and molecular basis of hyperthermia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2002; 43:33–56.
166.
FerlayJShinH-RBrayFEstimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010; 127:2893–2917.
167.
BoydNFGuoHMartinLJMammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356:227–236.
168.
BlixtOBuetiDBurfordBAutoantibodies to aberrantly glycosylated MUC1 in early stage breast cancer are associated with a better prognosis. Breast Cancer Res. 2011; 13:R25.
169.
IliukABHuLTaoWA.Aptamer in bioanalytical applications. Anal Chem. 2011; 83:4440–4452.
170.
StoevaSILeeJ-SSmithJEMultiplexed detection of protein cancer markers with biobarcoded nanoparticle probes. J Am Chem Soc. 2006; 128:8378–8379.
171.
ChenXEstévezM-CZhuZUsing aptamer-conjugated fluorescence resonance energy transfer nanoparticles for multiplexed cancer cell monitoring. Anal Chem. 2009; 81:7009–7014.
172.
NabaviniaMSGholoobiACharbgooFAnti-MUC1 aptamer: a potential opportunity for cancer treatment. Med Res Rev. 2017; 37:1518–1539.
173.
BertiLAlessandriniAFacciP.DNA-templated photoinduced silver deposition. J Am Chem Soc. 2005; 127:11216–11217.
174.
WuPGaoYZhangHAptamer-guided silver–gold bimetallic nanostructures with highly active surface-enhanced Raman scattering for specific detection and near-infrared photothermal therapy of human breast cancer cells. Anal Chem. 2012; 84:7692–7699.
175.
RamosAPCruzMAETovaniCBBiomedical applications of nanotechnology. Biophys Rev. 2017; 9:79–89.
176.
JiangH-LXuQ.Recent progress in synergistic catalysis over heterometallic nanoparticles. J Mater Chem. 2011; 21:13705–13725.
177.
ZhaoYYeCLiuWTuning the composition of AuPt BMNP's for antibacterial application. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2014; 53:8127–8131.
178.
VareesshMMoganavelliS.An in vitro assessment of novel chitosan/bimetallic PtAu nanocomposites as delivery vehicles for doxorubicin, Nanomed. 2017; 12:2625–2640.
