Improved wear resistance of steels by cryotreatment: The current state of understanding

Abstract

An important factor to enhance the efficiency and productivity of advanced manufacturing processes is to improve the wear resistance (WR) of tool steels. Cryotreatment in recent years has established itself as a relatively inexpensive additional step in conventional heat treatment schedule that can substantially improve the WR of tool steels. This report highlights the state of understanding of this emerging process with an emphasis on illustrating the underlying mechanisms responsible for the enhancement of WR of tool steels. Cryotreatment almost completely removes retained austenite and induces favourable precipitation of refined secondary carbides with improved distribution. These benefits, if harnessed suitably, are capable of providing significant improvement in both productivity and product quality leading to an efficient economy of manufacturing.

Keywords

Cryogenic treatment Sub-zero treatment Tool steel Hardness Wear resistance Microstructure Carbide Retained austenite

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Reitz

and Pendray

: ‘Cryoprocessing of materials: a review of current status’, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2001, 16, 829–840. doi: 10.1081/AMP-100108702

Das

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Cryogenic treatment’, in ‘Encyclopedia of iron, steel, and their alloys’, (ed. Colas

and Totten

G. E.

), 974–994; 2016, London, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.

Senthilkumar

and Rajendran

: ‘A research review on deep cryogenic treatment of steels’, Int. J. Mater. Struct. Integrity, 2014, 8, 169–184. doi: 10.1504/IJMSI.2014.064784

Carlson

E. A.

: ‘Cold treating and cryogenic treatment of steel’, in ‘ASM handbook’, 10th edn, Vol. 4, ‘Heat treating’, 203–206; 1990, Metals Park, OH, ASM International.

Kalsi

N. S.

, Sehgal

and Sharma

V. S.

: ‘Cryogenic treatment of tool materials: a review’, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2010, 25, 1077–1100. doi: 10.1080/10426911003720862

Akincioglu

, Gokkaya

and Uygur

: ‘A review of cryogenic treatment on cutting tools’, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2015, 78, 1609–1627. doi: 10.1007/s00170-014-6755-x

Das

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Structure-property correlation of sub-zero treated AISI D2 steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 541, 45–60. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.01.130

Zhirafar

, Rezaeian

and Pugh

: ‘Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2007, 186, 298–303. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.12.046

Mathews

J. A.

: ‘Retained austenite – a contribution to the metallurgy of magnetism’, Trans. Am. Soc. Steel Treat., 1925, 8, 565–583.

10.

Das

: ‘Structure-property correlation of cryotreated AISI D2 steel’, PhD thesis, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah, India, 2011.

11.

Prieto

, Ipina

J. E. P.

and Tuckart

W. R.

: ‘Cryogenic treatments on AISI 420 stainless steel: microstructure and mechanical properties’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 605, 236–243. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.03.059

12.

Liu

, Wang

, Yang

and Shen

: ‘Effects of cryogenic treatment on microstructure and abrasion resistance of CrMnB high-chromium cast iron subjected to sub-critical treatment’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 478, 324–328. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.06.012

13.

Thornton

, Slatter

, Jones

A. H.

and Lewis

: ‘The effects of cryogenic processing on the wear resistance of grey cast iron brake discs’, Wear, 2011, 271, 2386–2395. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.014

14.

C. M.

, Cheng

N. P.

, Chen

Z. Q.

, Guo

and Zeng

S. M.

: ‘Deep-cryogenic-treatment-induced phase transformation in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy’, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2015, 22, 68–77. doi: 10.1007/s12613-015-1045-7

15.

Liu

, Shao

, Xu

C. S.

, Zeng

X. S.

and Yang

X. J.

: ‘Effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-1.5Zn-0.15Gd magnesium alloy’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 588, 76–81. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.09.018

16.

K. X.

, Wang

and Zhou

: ‘Effect of cryogenic treatment on wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy for biomedical applications’, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2014, 30, 131–139. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.11.003

17.

, Wang

, Jin

and Shi

: ‘Effect of subzero treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Y₂O₃-ZrO₂ ceramics’, Acta Metall. Sin. Ser. B, 1992, 5, 516–520.

18.

Stratton

: ‘Deep cold treatment of polymeric materials’, Int. J. Polym. Mater., 2009, 58, 581–587. doi: 10.1080/00914030903081455

19.

Charles

and Arunachalam

V. P.

: ‘Characterization of properties of cryogenically treated Al-SiC composites fabricated by powder metallurgy’, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2006, 21, 535–541. doi: 10.1080/10426910500471680

20.

Yong

and Ding

: ‘Effect of cryogenic treatment on WC-Co cemented carbides’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528, 1735–1739. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.11.009

21.

Ozbek

N. A.

, Cicek

, Gulesin

and Ozbek

: ‘Effect of cutting conditions on wear performance of cryogenically treated tungsten carbide insets in dry turning of stainless steel’, Trobol. Int., 2016, 94, 223–233. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2015.08.024

22.

Zhang

Z. Z.

, Zhang

H. J.

, Guo

, Wang

and Jiang

: ‘Enhanced wear resistance of hybrid PTFE/Kevlar fabric/phenolic composite by cryogenic treatment’, J. Mater. Sci., 2009, 44, 6199–6209. doi: 10.1007/s10853-009-3862-4

23.

Y. H.

, Zhang

, Dong

, Kawashima

, Makino

and Liaw

P. K.

: ‘Effects of cryogenic temperature on mechanical behavior of a Zr₆₀Ni₂₅Al₁₅ bulk metallic glass’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 584, 7–13. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.06.063

24.

Kim

D. W.

, Jang

E. Y.

, Lee

S. M.

, Kim

W. J.

, Lee

J. H.

and Kleiman

: ‘Improvement of carbon nanotubes using cryogenic treatment’, Jpn. J. Appl. Phy., 2007, 46, L1096–L1098. doi: 10.1143/JJAP.46.L1096

25.

Cabibbo

: ‘Deep-cryogenic treatment of ZnO nanowires’, Mater. Lett., 2013, 100, 145–147. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.03.010

26.

Tsai

C. Y.

, Lee

D. S.

, Tsai

Y. H.

, Chan

, Luh

T. Y.

, Chen

P. J.

and Chen

P. H.

: ‘Shrinking gold nanoparticles: dramatic effect of a cryogenic process on tannic acid/sodium citrate-generated gold nanoparticles’, Mater. Lett., 2004, 58, 2023–2026. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2003.12.019

27.

Bowes

R.G.

: ‘The theory and practice of sub-zero treatment of metals’, Heat Treat. Met., 1974, 1, 29–32.

28.

Levine

: ‘Cryoprocessing equipment’, Heat Treat. Prog., 2001, 2, 42–44.

29.

Das

, Ray

K. K.

and Dutta

A. K.

: ‘Structure and property of sub-zero processed cold work die steel’, Proc. of ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Vol. 2A: Advanced Manufacturing, San Diego, California, USA, November, 2013, Paper IMECE2013–63102, V02AT02A038-V02AT02A038.

30.

, Tong

, Cui

, Zhang

, Chen

and Zuo

: ‘The influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the properties of high-vanadium alloy steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 662, 356–362. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.039

31.

Roberts

, Krauss

and Kennedy

: ‘Tool steels’, 5th edn, 1998, Metals Park, OH, ASM International.

32.

Thelning

K. E.

: ‘Steel and its heat treatment’, 2nd edn, 1984, London, Butterworths.

33.

Gulyaev

A. P.

: ‘Cold treatment of steel’, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1998, 40, 449–455. doi: 10.1007/BF02468493

34.

Senthikumar

, Rajendran

, Pellizzari

and Siirianen

: ‘Influence of shallow and deep cryogenic treatment on the residual state of stress of 4140 steel’, J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 2011, 211, 396–401. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.10.018

35.

, Cavallaro

G. P.

and Gerson

A. R.

: ‘Synchrotron micro-diffraction analysis of the microstructure of cryogenically treated high performance tool steels prior to and after tempering’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, 6822–6830. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.06.072

36.

Yan

X. G.

and Li

D. Y.

: ‘Effects of the sub-zero treatment condition on microstructure, mechanical behavior and wear resistance of W9Mo3Cr4V high speed steel’, Wear, 2013, 302, 854–862. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2012.12.037

37.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Optimization of the duration of cryogenic processing to maximize wear resistance of AISI D2 steel’, Cryogenics, 2009, 49, 176–184. doi: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2009.01.002

38.

Amini

, Akhbarizadeh

and Javadpour

: ‘Investigating the effect of holding duration on the microstructure of 1.2080 tool steel during the deep cryogenic heat treatment’, Vacuum, 2012, 86, 1534–1540. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2012.02.013

39.

Oppenkowski

, Weber

and Theisen

: ‘Evaluation of factors influencing deep cryogenic treatment that affect the properties of tool steels’, J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 2010, 210, 1949–1955. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.07.007

40.

Gunes

, Cicek

, Aslantas

and Kara

: ‘Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on wear resistance of AISI 52100 bearing steel’, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 2014, 67, 909–917. doi: 10.1007/s12666-014-0417-4

41.

Zurecki

: ‘Cryogenic quenching of steel revisited’, Proc. 23rd ASM Heat Treating Society Conference, ASM, Pennsylvania, 2005, (ed. D. Herring and R. Hill), ASM Proceedings: Heat Treating, 2006, 106–113.

42.

Koneshlou

, Asl

K. M.

and Khomamizadeh

: ‘Effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure, mechanical and wear behaviors of AISI H13 hot work tool steel’, Cryogenics, 2011, 51, 55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.11.001

43.

Reed-Hill

R. E.

and Abbaschian

: ‘Physical metallurgy principles’, 3rd edn, 1992, Boston, PWS Publishing Company.

44.

Amini

, Akhbarizadeh

and Javadpour

: ‘Investigating the effect of the quench environment on the final microstructure and wear behavior of 1.2080 tool steel after deep cryogenic heat treatment’, Mater. Des., 2013, 45, 316–322. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.08.006

45.

Collins

D. N.

and Dormer

: ‘Deep cryogenic treatment of a D2 cold-worked tool steel’, Heat Treat. Met., 1997, 24, 71–74.

46.

Dhokey

N. B.

and Nirbhavne

: ‘Dry sliding wear of cryotreated multiple tempered D-3 tool steel’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209, 1484–1490. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.03.069

47.

Dong

, Lin

and Xiao

: ‘Deep cryogenic treatment of high-speed steel and its mechanism’, Heat Treat. Met., 1998, 3, 55–59.

48.

Das

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Cryogenic processing to improve tribological performance of die steels’, Int. J. Surf. Eng., 2015, 9, 124–144. doi: 10.1504/IJSURFSE.2015.068238

49.

Moore

K. E.

and Collins

D. N.

: ‘Cryogenic treatment of three heat treated tool steels’, Key Eng. Mater., 1993, 86–87, 47–54. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.86-87.47

50.

Pellizzari

: ‘Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the properties of conventional and PM high speed steels’, Proc. of ECHT08 European Conference on ‘Innovation in Heat Treatment for Industrial Competitiveness’, La Metall. Ital., 2008, 8, 17–22.

51.

Vahdat

S. E.

, Nategh

and Mirdamadi

: ‘Microstructure and tensile properties of 45WCrV7 tool steel after deep cryogenic treatment’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 585, 444–454. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.07.057

52.

Jaswin

M. A.

and Lal

D. M.

: ‘Effect of cryogenic treatment on the tensile behaviour of En 52 and 21-4N valve steels at room and elevated temperatures’, Mater. Des., 2011, 32, 2429–2437. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.065

53.

Farhani

, Niaki

K. S.

, Vahdat

S. E.

and Firozi

: ‘Study of effects of deep cryotreatment on mechanical properties of 1.2542 tool steel’, Mater. Des., 2012, 42, 279–288. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.05.059

54.

Bensely

, Senthilkumar

, Lal

D. M.

, Nagarajan

and Rajadurai

: ‘Effect of cryogenic treatment on tensile behavior of case carburized steel-815M17’, Mater. Charact., 2007, 58, 485–491. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2006.06.019

55.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

, Toppo

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the carbide precipitation and triboligical behaviour of D2 steel’, Mater. Manuf. Process, 2007, 22, 474–480. doi: 10.1080/10426910701235934

56.

Nanesa

N. G.

and Jahazi

: ‘Simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility in cryogenically treated AISI D2 tool steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 598, 413–419. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.065

57.

Podgornik

, Paulin

, Zajec

, Jacobson

and Leskovsek

: ‘Deep cryogenic treatment of tool steels’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 229, 398–406. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.09.045

58.

Singh

P. J.

, Mannan

S. L.

, Jayakumar

and Achar

D. R. G.

: ‘Fatigue life extension of notches in AISI 304L weldments using deep cryogenic treatment’, Eng. Fail. Anal., 2005, 12, 263–271. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2004.03.008

59.

Baldissera

and Delprete

: ‘Deep cryogenic treatment of AISI 302 stainless steel: Part II - Fatigue and corrosion’, Mater. Des., 2010, 31, 4731–4737. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.05.015

60.

Myeong

T. H.

, Yamabayashi

, Shimojo

and Higo

: ‘A new life extension method for high cycle fatigue using micro-martensitic transformation in an austenitic stainless steel’, Int. J. Fatigue, 1997, 19, S69–S73. doi: 10.1016/S0142-1123(97)00060-1

61.

Bensely

, Shyamala

, Harish

, Lal

D. M.

, Nagarajan

, Junik

and Rajadurai

: ‘Fatigue behaviour and fracture mechanism of cryogenically treated En 353 steel’, Mater. Des., 2009, 30, 2955–2962. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.01.003

62.

, Yang

, Qu

, Kong

and Su

: ‘Strengthening and toughening of a 2800-MPa grade maraging steel’, Mater. Lett., 2002, 56, 763–769. doi: 10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00610-9

63.

Molinari

, Pellizzari

, Gialanella

, Straffelini

and Stiasny

K. H.

: ‘Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of tool steels’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2001, 118, 350–355. doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00973-6

64.

Sobotova

, Jurci

and Dlouhy

: ‘The effect of subzero treatment on microstructure, fracture toughness, and wear resistance of Vanadis 6 tool steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 652, 192–204. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.078

65.

Cajner

, Leskovšek

, Landek

and Cajner

: ‘Effect of deep-cryogenic treatment on high speed steel properties’, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2009, 24, 743–746. doi: 10.1080/10426910902809743

66.

Perez

and Belzunce

F. J.

: ‘The effect deep cryogenic treatments on the mechanical properties of an AISI H13 steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 624, 32–40. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.11.051

67.

Das

, Sarkar

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Influence of sub-zero treatments on fracture toughness of AISI D2 steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 528, 589–603. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.09.057

68.

Nadig

D. S.

, Jacob

, Karunanithi

, Manjunatha

, Subramanian

, Prasad

M. V. N.

, Sen

and Jha

A. K.

: ‘Studies of cryotreatment on the performance of integral diaphragm pressure transducers for space application’, Cryogenics, 2010, 50, 561–565. doi: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.02.016

69.

Bensely

, Venkatesh

, Mohan Lal

, Nagarajan

, Rajadurai

and Junik

: ‘Effect of cryogenic treatment on distribution of residual stress in case carburized En 353 steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 479, 229–235. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.07.035

70.

Surberg

C. H.

, Stratton

P. F.

and Lingenhöle

: ‘The effect of some heat treatment parameters on the dimensional stability of AISI D2’, Cryogenics, 2008, 48, 42–47. doi: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2007.10.002

71.

Barron

R. F.

: ‘Cryogenic treatment of metals to improve wear resistance’, Cryogenics, 1982, 22, 409–413. doi: 10.1016/0011-2275(82)90085-6

72.

Das

, Ray

K. K.

and Dutta

A. K.

: ‘Influence of temperature of sub-zero treatments on the wear behaviour of die steel’, Wear, 2009, 267, 1361–1370. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2008.11.029

73.

Meng

, Tagashira

, Azuma

and Sohma

: ‘Role of eta-carbide precipitations in the wear resistance improvements of Fe-12Cr-Mo-V-1.4C tool steel by cryogenic treatment’, ISIJ Int., 1994, 34, 205–210. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.34.205

74.

Akhbarizadeh

, Shafyi

and Golozar

M. A.

: ‘Effects of cryogenic treatment on wear behavior of D6 tool steel’, Mater. Des., 2009, 30, 3259–3264. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.11.016

75.

Vimal

A. J.

, Bensely

, Lal

D. M.

and Srinivasan

: ‘Deep cryogenic treatment improves wear resistance of En 31 steel’, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2008, 23, 369–376. doi: 10.1080/10426910801938098

76.

Thornton

, Slatter

and Ghadbeigi

: ‘Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on the dry sliding wear performance of ferrous alloys’, Wear, 2013, 305, 177–191. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2013.06.005

77.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Influence of varied cryotreatment on the wear behavior of AISI D2 steel’, Wear, 2009, 266, 297–309. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2008.07.001

78.

da Silva

F. J.

, Franco

S. D.

, Machado

A. R.

, Ezugwu

E. O.

and Souza

A. M.

Jr. : ‘Performance of cryogenically treated HSS tools’, Wear, 2006, 261, 674–685. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.017

79.

Firouzdor

, Nejati

and Khomamizadeh

: ‘Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on wear resistance and tool life of M2 HSS drill’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2008, 206, 467–472. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.072

80.

Baldissera

and Delprete

: ‘Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on static mechanical properties of 18NiCrMo5 carburized steel’, Mater. Des., 2009, 30, 1435–1440. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.08.015

81.

Arslan

, Uygur

and Jazdzewska

: ‘The effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure and mechanical response of AISI D3 tool steel punches’, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 2015, 137, 034501–6, doi:10.1115/1.4029567

82.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Inconsistent wear behaviour of cryotreated tool steels: role of mode and mechanism’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2009, 25, 1249–1257. doi: 10.1179/174328408X374685

83.

Zhmud

E. S.

: ‘Improved tool life after shock cooling’, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1980, 22, 701–703. doi: 10.1007/BF00700558

84.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Structure-property correlation of cryotreated AISI D2 steel’, Adv. Mater. Res., 2010, 117, 49–54. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.117.49

85.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘On the enhancement of wear resistance of tool steels by cryogenic treatment’, Philos. Mag. Lett., 2008, 88, 801–811. doi: 10.1080/09500830802380788

86.

Lim

S. C.

, Ashby

M. F.

and Brunton

J. H.

: ‘Wear-rate transitions and their relationship to wear mechanisms’, Acta Metall., 1987, 35, 1343–1348. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(87)90016-2

87.

Wang

, Lei

and Liu

: ‘Tribo-metallographic behavior of high carbon steels in dry sliding: I. wear mechanisms and their transition’, Wear, 1999, 231, 1–11. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00115-5

88.

Archard

F. J.

: ‘Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces’, J. Appl. Phys., 1953, 24, 981–988. doi: 10.1063/1.1721448

89.

Koucky

: ‘Material benefits at 300 below’, Gear Solutions, 2003, May, 14–23.

90.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘On the refinement of carbide precipitates by cryotreatment in AISI D2 steel’, Philos. Mag., 2009, 89, 55–76. doi: 10.1080/14786430802534552

91.

Gavriljuk

V. G.

, Sirosh

V. A.

, Petrov

Yu. N.

, Tyshchenko

A. I.

, Theisen

and Kortmann

: ‘Carbide precipitation during tempering of a tool steel subjected to deep cryogenic treatment’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2014, 45, 2453–2465. doi: 10.1007/s11661-014-2202-8

92.

Stratton

P. F.

: ‘Optimising nano-carbide precipitation in tool steels’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, 449–451, 809–812. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.01.162

93.

Gill

S. S.

, Singh

and Singh

: ‘Metallurgical principles of cryogenically treated tool steels – a review on the current state of science’, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2011, 54, 59–82. doi: 10.1007/s00170-010-2935-5

94.

Das

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘On the mechanism of wear resistance enhancement of tool steels by deep cryogenic treatment’, Philos. Mag. Lett., 2012, 92, 295–303. doi: 10.1080/09500839.2012.669052

95.

, Deng

, Wu

, Wang

, Min

and Min

N. Y.

: ‘Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on internal friction behaviors of cold work die steel and their experimental explanation by coupling model’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, 7950–7954. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.086

96.

Cicek

, Kivak

, Uygur

, Ekici

and Turgut

: ‘Performance of cryogenically treated M35 HSS drills in drilling of austenitic stainless steels’, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2012, 60, 65–73. doi: 10.1007/s00170-011-3616-8

97.

Taylor

K. A.

, Olson

G. B.

, Cohen

, and Vander Sande

J. B.

: ‘Carbide precipitation during stage I tempering of Fe-Ni-C martensites’, Metall. Trans. A, 1989, 20, 2749–2765. doi: 10.1007/BF02670168

98.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Sub-zero treatments of AISI D2 steel: part II. wear behavior’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, 2194–2206. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.10.071

99.

Huang

J. Y.

, Zhu

Y. T.

, Liao

X. Z.

, Beyerlein

I. J.

, Bourke

M. A.

and Mitchell

T. E.

: ‘Microstructure of cryogenic treated M2 tool steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, 339, 241–244. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00165-X

100.

Gavriljuk

V. G.

, Theisen

, Sirosh

V. A.

, Polshin

E. V.

, Kortmann

, Mogilny

G. S.

, Petrov

Yu. N.

and Tarusin

Ye. V.

: ‘Low-temperature martensitic transformation in tool steels in relation to their deep cryogenic treatment’, Acta Mater., 2013, 61, 1705–1715. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.11.045

101.

Preciado

and Pellizzari

: ‘Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the thermal decomposition of Fe-C martensite’, J. Mater. Sci., 2014, 49, 8183–8191. doi: 10.1007/s10853-014-8527-2

102.

Villa

, Pantleon

and Somers

M. A. J.

: ‘Evolution of compressive strains in retained asutenite during sub-zero Celsius martensite formation and tempering’, Acta Mater., 2014, 65, 383–392. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.11.007

103.

Jurci

, Domankova

, Caplovic

, Ptacinova

, Sobotova

, Salabova

, Prikner

, Sustarsic

and Jenko

: ‘Microstructure and hardness of sub-zero treated and no tempered P/M Vanadis 6 ledeburitic tool steel’, Vacuum, 2015, 111, 92–101. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2014.10.004

104.

Nanesa

H. G.

and Jahazi

: ‘Alternative phase transformation path in cryogenically treated AISI D2 tool steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 634, 32–36. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.03.028

105.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Correlation of microstructure with wear behaviour of deep cryogenically treated AISI D2 steel’, Wear, 2009, 267, 1371–1380. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.051

106.

Amini

, Akhbarizadeh

and Javadpour

: ‘Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the formation of nano-sized carbides and the wear behavior of D2 tool steel’, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2012, 19, 795–799. doi: 10.1007/s12613-012-0630-2

107.

Dhokey

N. B.

, Hake

, Kadu

, Bhoskar

and Dey

G. K.

: ‘Influence of cryoprocessing on mechanism of carbide development in Cobalt-bearing hig-speed steel (M35)’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2014, 45, 1508–1516. doi: 10.1007/s11661-013-2067-2

108.

Das

, Dutta

A. K.

and Ray

K. K.

: ‘Sub-zero treatments of AISI D2 steel: part I. microstructure and hardness’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, 2182–2193. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.10.070

109.

, Min

, Li

, Wu

, Li

and Tang

: ‘Experimental verification of segregation of carbon and precipitation of carbides due to deep cryogenic treatment for tool steel by internal friction method’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 575, 51–60. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.03.070

110.

Akhbarizadeh

and Javadpour

: ‘Investigating the effect of as-quenched vacancies in the final microstructure of 1.2080 tool steel during the deep cryogenic heat treatment’, Mater. Lett., 2013, 93, 247–250. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2012.11.081

111.

Tyshchenko

A. I.

, Theisen

, Oppenkowski

, Siebert

, Razumov

O. N.

, Skoblik

A. P.

, Sirosh

V. A.

, Petrov

Yu. N.

and Gavriljuk

V. G.

: ‘Low-temperature martensite transformation and deep cryogenic treatment of a tool steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, 7027–7039. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.07.056