The influence of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on carbides precipitation and isothermal softening behaviour as a function of both temperature and time during tempering of H13 steel was investigated. The results show that the retained austenite transformed into martensite leading to an increase in hardness. The carbon content of martensite decreased after DCT and tempering according to the calculation of the X-ray diffraction spectrum. This indicates that more fine carbides precipitated from the martensitic matrix after DCT. The morphology of microstructure and distribution of carbides have verified the properties improvement mainly depending on the retained austenite transformation and more fine carbides precipitated after tempering. In addition, the carbides precipitating and coarsening are the main causes of thermal softening.
TelasangGDutta MajumdarJPadmanabhamGWear and corrosion behavior of laser surface engineered AISI H13 hot working tool steel. Surf Coat Technol. 2015; 261:69–78.
2.
KrumphalsFWlanisTSievertRDamage analysis of extrusion tools made from the austenitic hot work tool steel Bohler W750. Comp Mater Sci. 2011; 50(4):1250–1255.
3.
BayramogluMPolatHGerenN.Cost and performance evaluation of different surface treated dies for hot forging process. J Mater Process Technol. 2008; 205(1-3):394–403.
4.
RhyimYMHanSHNaYSEffect of deep cryogenic treatment on carbide precipitation and mechanical properties of tool steel. Solid State Phenom. 2006; 118:9–14.
5.
PérezMBelzunceFJ.The effect of deep cryogenic treatments on the mechanical properties of an AISI H13 steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015; 624:32–40.
6.
DhokeyNBDandawateJGangurdeHMetallurgical investigation of cryogenically cracked M35 tool steel. Eng Failure Anal. 2012; 21(0):52–58.
7.
GuoWYamadaRSaidaJ.Rejuvenation and plasticization of metallic glass by deep cryogenic cycling treatment. Intermetallics. 2018; 93:141–147.
8.
Da SilvaFJFrancoSDMachadoÁRPerformance of cryogenically treated HSS tools. Wear. 2006; 261(5):674–685.
9.
AkhbarizadehAShafyeiAGolozarMA.Effects of cryogenic treatment on wear behavior of D6 tool steel. Mater Des. 2009; 30(8):3259–3264.
10.
ÇiçekAEkiciEKıvakTPerformance of multilayer coated and cryo-treated uncoated tools in machining of AISI H13 tool steel—part 2: HSS end mills. J Mater Eng Perform. 2021; 30(5):3446–3457.
11.
ÇiçekAKıvakTEkiciEPerformance of multilayer coated and cryo-treated uncoated tools in machining of AISI H13 tool steel—part 1: tungsten carbide end mills. J Mater Eng Perform. 2021; 30(5):3436–3445.
12.
KaraFKöklüUKabasakaloğluU.Taguchi optimization of surface roughness in grinding of cryogenically treated AISI 5140 steel. Mater Test. 2020; 62(10):1041–1047.
13.
LiJMinYWangPAnalysis of distortion mechanism of a cold work tool steel during quenching and deep cryogenic treatment. Met Mater Int. 2019; 25(3):546–558.
14.
MengFTagashiraKAzumaRRole of eta-carbide precipitations in the wear resistance improvements of Fe-12Cr-Mo-V-1.4 C tool steel by cryogenic treatment. ISIJ Int. 1994; 34(2):205–210.
15.
SenthilkumarDRajendranIPellizzariMInfluence of shallow and deep cryogenic treatment on the residual state of stress of 4140 steel. J Mater Process Technol. 2011; 211(3):396–401.
16.
BenselyAVenkateshSLalDMEffect of cryogenic treatment on distribution of residual stress in case carburized En 353 steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2008; 479(1-2):229–235.
17.
BaldisseraPDelpreteC.Deep cryogenic treatment: a bibliographic review. Open Mech Eng J. 2008; 2(1):1–11.
18.
TyshchenkoAITheisenWOppenkowskiALow-temperature martensitic transformation and deep cryogenic treatment of a tool steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010; 527(26):7027–7039.
19.
GavriljukVGTheisenWSiroshVVLow-temperature martensitic transformation in tool steels in relation to their deep cryogenic treatment. Acta Mater. 2013; 61(5):1705–1715.
20.
LiSMinNLiJExperimental verification of segregation of carbon and precipitation of carbides due to deep cryogenic treatment for tool steel by internal friction method. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013; 575:51–60.
21.
LiSXiaoMYeGEffects of deep cryogenic treatment on microstructural evolution and alloy phases precipitation of a new low carbon martensitic stainless bearing steel during aging. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018; 732:167–177.
22.
ÇiçekAKaraFKıvakTEffects of deep cryogenic treatment on the wear resistance and mechanical properties of AISI H13 hot-work tool steel. J Mate Eng Perform. 2015; 24(11):4431–4439.
23.
KoneshlouMAslKMKhomamizadehF.Effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure, mechanical and wear behaviors of AISI H13 hot work tool steel. Cryogenics. 2011; 51(1):55–61.
24.
JohnsonWA.Reaction kinetics in processes of nucleation and growth. Am Inst Min Metal Pet Eng. 1939; 135:416–458.
25.
AvramiM.Kinetics of phase change. I General theory. J Chem Phys. 1939; 7(12):1103–1112.
26.
AvramiM.Kinetics of phase change. II Transformation-time relations for random distribution of nuclei. J Chem Phys. 1940; 8(2):212–224.
27.
CaiYLuoZZengY.Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and properties of AISI304 austenitic stainless steel A-TIG weld. Sci Technol Weld Join. 2017; 22(3):236–243.
28.
BarronRF.Cryogenic treatment of metals to improve wear resistance. Cryogenics. 1982; 22(8):409–413.
29.
HuFWuKHodgsonPDRefinement of retained austenite in super-bainitic steel by a deep cryogenic treatment. ISIJ Int. 2014; 54(1):222–226.
30.
ZhirafarSRezaeianAPughM.Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel. J Mater Process Technol. 2007; 186(1–3):298–303.
31.
YanXGLiDY.Effects of the sub-zero treatment condition on microstructure, mechanical behavior and wear resistance of W9Mo3Cr4V high speed steel. Wear. 2013; 302(1–2):854–862.
32.
LiSXieYWuX.Hardness and toughness investigations of deep cryogenic treated cold work die steel. Cryogenics. 2010; 50(2):89–92.
33.
OppenkowskiAWeberSTheisenW.Evaluation of factors influencing deep cryogenic treatment that affect the properties of tool steels. J Mater Process Technol. 2010; 210(14):1949–1955.
34.
KayaEUlutanM.Tribological and mechanical properties of deep cryogenically treated medium carbon micro alloy steel. Met Mater Int. 2017; 23(4):691–698.
35.
StatharasDPapageorgiouDSiderisJPreliminary examination of the fracture surfaces of a cold working die. Int J Mater Form. 2008; 1(1):431–434.
36.
DongYLinXXiaoH.Deep cryogenic treatment of high-speed steel and its mechanism. Heat Treat Met. 1998; 25(3):55–59.
37.
JohnsonAR.Fracture toughness of AISI M2 and AISI M7 high-speed steels. Metall Trans A. 1977; 8(6):891–897.
38.
ShiozawaKMoriiYNishinoSSubsurface crack initiation and propagation mechanism in high-strength steel in a very high cycle fatigue regime. Int J Fatigue. 2006; 28(11):1521–1532.
39.
KwonD.Interfacial decohesion around spheroidal carbide particles. Scripta Metall. 1988; 22(7):1161–1164.
40.
ThomasG.Retained austenite and tempered martensite embrittlement. Metall Trans A. 1978; 9(3):439–450.
41.
BenselyAPrabhakaranAMohan LalDEnhancing the wear resistance of case carburized steel (En 353) by cryogenic treatment. Cryogenics. 2005; 45(12):747–754.
42.
BhadeshiaHKDH.Driving force for martensitic transformation in steels. Metal Sci. 2013; 15(4):175–177.
43.
BenselyAShyamalaLHarishSFatigue behaviour and fracture mechanism of cryogenically treated En 353 steel. Mater Des. 2009; 30(8):2955–2962.
44.
DarwinJDMohan LalDNagarajanG.Optimization of cryogenic treatment to maximize the wear resistance of 18% Cr martensitic stainless steel by Taguchi method. J Mater Process Technol. 2008; 195(1):241–247.
45.
SpeichGRLeslieWC.Tempering of steel. Metall Trans. 1972; 3(5):1043–1054.
46.
DelagnesDRézaï-AriaFLevaillantC.Influence of testing and tempering temperatures on fatigue behaviour, life and crack initiation mechanisms in a 5%Cr martensitic steel. Procedia Eng. 2010; 2(1):427–439.
47.
LiSYuanXJiangWEffects of heat treatment influencing factors on microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-carbon martensitic stainless bearing steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014; 605(0):229–235.
48.
MehtediMERicciPDrudiLAnalysis of the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the hardness and microstructure of X30 CrMoN 15 1 steel. Mater Des. 2012; 33:136–144.
49.
SamuelsLE.Tempering of martensite. Metallogr Microstruct Anal. 2014; 3:70–90.
50.
DasDDuttaAKRayKK.Sub-zero treatments of AISI D2 steel: part I. Microstructure and hardness. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010; 527(9):2182–2193.
51.
DasDDuttaAKToppoVEffect of deep cryogenic treatment on the carbide precipitation and tribological behavior of D2 steel. Mater Manuf Process. 2007; 22(4):474–480.
52.
AminiKNateghSShafyeiA.Influence of different cryotreatments on tribological behavior of 80CrMo12 5 cold work tool steel. Mater Des. 2010; 31(10):4666–4675.
53.
Van OuytselKDe BatistRSchallerR.Dislocation-defect interactions in nuclear reactor pressure-vessel steels investigated by means of internal friction. J Alloys Compd. 2000; 310(1-2):445–448.
54.
CottrellAHBilbyBA.Dislocation theory of yielding and strain ageing of iron. Proc Phys Soc A. 1949; 62(1):49–62.
55.
AminiKAkhbarizadehAJavadpourS.Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the formation of nano-sized carbides and the wear behavior of D2 tool steel. Int J Min Metall and Mater. 2012; 19(9):795–799.
56.
KurdjumovGVKhachaturyanAG.Phenomena of carbon atom redistribution in martensite. Metall Trans. 1972; 3(5):1069–1076.
57.
SeljakowNKurdjumowGGoodtzowN.Eine röntgenographische Untersuchung der Struktur des Kohlenstoffstahls. Z Phys. 1927; 45(5):384–408.
58.
FinkWLCampbellED.Influence of heat treatment and carbon content on the structure of pure iron-carbon alloys. Trans Am Soc Steel Treat. 1926; 9:717–754.
59.
KurdumoffGKaminskyE.X-ray studies of the structure of quenched carbon steel. Nature. 1928; 122:475–476.
60.
KurdjumowGKaminskyE.Eine röntgenographische Untersuchung der Struktur des gehärteten Kohlenstoffstahls. Z Phys. 1929; 53(9):696–707.
