Este artículo constituye un intento de evaluar la exactitud con que los sujetos pueden reconocer cuatro estados emocionales básicos -alegría, tristeza, miedo y cólera- a partir de la información vocal no verbal del habla. Para ello los sujetos fueron expuestos a una misma frase de contenido neutro repetida por un actor profesional simulando los cuatro estados emocionales básicos y un estado neutro. Se pretende también evaluar la contribución relativa de un parámetro acústico concreto: el perfil de tono en el reconocimiento emocional a través de la presentación de frases neutras cuyos valores en el perfil de tono fueron artificialmente aproximados a los de las frases juzgadas como emocionales mediante la utilización de técnicas de procesamiento y síntesis digital de voz (modelo LPC). Los resultados indican que los rasgos vocales no verbales del habla transmiten la suficiente información como para permitir altos porcentajes de acierto en la identificación de las cuatro categorías emocionales manejadas. Asimismo, los sujetos fueron capaces de reconocer las emociones de tristeza y cólera a partir únicamente de sus perfiles de tono característicos.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlbasD. C.MccluskeyL. W.AlbasC. A.«Perception of the emotional content of speech: A comparison of two Canadian groups».Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1976, 7, 481–490.
2.
BlanckP. D.RosenthalR.SnodgrassS. E.DepauloB. M.ZuckermanM.«Sex differences in eavesdropping on nonverbal cues: Developmental changes».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1981, 41, 391–396.
3.
BeierE. C.ZautraA. J.«Identification of vocal communication of emotions across cultures».Journal of consulting and clinical Psychology, 1972, 39, 166.
4.
BezooijenR. VANCharacteristics and Recognizability of vocal expression of emotion.Dordrecht (Holland): Foris Publications, 1984.
5.
BrighettiG.LadavasE.Ricci BittiP. E.«Recognition of emotion expressed through voice».Giornale Italiano di Psicologia, 1980, 7, 121–127.
6.
BrownB. L.BradshawJ. M.«Towards a Social Psychology of Voice Variations», enGilesH.St. ClariR. N. (Eds.): Recent advances in Language, Communication and Social Psychology.Londres: Erlbaum, 1985.
7.
BurnsK. L.BeierE. G.«Significance of vocal and visual channels in the decoding of emotional meaning».Journal of Communication, 1973, 23, 118–130.
8.
DavitzJ. R.DavitzL. J.«The communications of feelings by content-free speech».Journal of Communication, 1959, 9, 6–13.
9.
DavitzJ. R. (Ed.): The communication of emotional meaning, Nueva York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
10.
DimitroskyL.«The ability to identify the emotional meaning of vocal expressions at succesives ages», enDavotzJ. R. (Ed.): The communication of emotional meaning.Nueva York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
11.
DusenburyD.KnowerF. H.«Experimental studies of the symbolism of action and voice (III). A study of the specificity of meaning in facial expression».Quarterly Journal of Speech, 1938, 24, 424–435.
12.
FairbanksG.«Recent experimental investigations of vocal pitch in voice».Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 1940, 11, 457–466.
13.
FairbanksG.HoaglinL. W.«An experimental study of the durational characteristics of the voice during the expression of emotion».Speech Monographs, 1941, 8, 85–90.
14.
FairbanksG.PronovostW.«An experimental study of the pitch characteristics of the voice during the expression of emotion».Speech Monographs, 1939, 6, 87–104.
15.
FechnerE. H.«Children understanding of the nonverbal communication of emotions in the visual, vocal and gestual».Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978, 39 (5–9), 2568–2569.
16.
FeldsteinS.JaffeJ.CassottaL.«The discrimination and identification of simulated affective vocal behavior».Research Bulletin, 1968, 3.
17.
FensterC. A.«Vocal communication of emotional meaning among adults and children».Dissertation Abstracts International, 1967, 28 (4-B), 1694–1695.
18.
FensterC. A.BlakeL. K.GoldsteinA. M.«Accuracy of vocal emotional communications among children and adults and the power of negative emotions».Journal of Communication Disorders, 1977, 10, 301–314.
19.
HauserK. O.«The use of acoustical analysis for identification of client stress within the counseling session».Dissertation Abstracts International, 1976, 36, 5149–5150.
20.
Jiménez FernandezA.Marcadores emocionales en la conducta vocal. Tesis doctoral no publicada. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 1985.
21.
KramerE.«Judgments of personal characteristics and emotions from nonverbal properties of speech».Psychological Bulletin, 1963, 60, 408–420.
22.
KramerE.«Elimination of nonverbal cues in judgements of emotion from voice».Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 1964, 68, 390–396.
23.
LaddR.SilvermanK. E. A.TolkmittF.BergmannG.SchererK. R.«Evidence for the independent function of intonation contour type, voice quality and Fo range in signalling spealer affect».Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1985, 78, 435–444.
24.
LevinH.LordW.«Speech pith frequency as an emotional state indicator».IEEE Transactions and Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Smc-5, 1975, 2, 259–272.
25.
LewittE. A.«The relationships between abilities to express emotional meaning vocally and facially», enDavitzJ. R. (Ed.): The communications of emotional meaning.Nueva York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
26.
MallardA. R.DaniloffR. G.«Glottal cues for parents judgment of emotional aspects of infant vocalizations».Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1979, 16, 592–596.
27.
MccluskeyK. W.AlbasD. C.NiemiR. R.«Cross cultural differences in the perception of the emotional content of speech: A study of the development of sensitivity in Canadian and Mexican Children».Developmental Psychology, 1978, 11, 551–555.
28.
MuñozC.Reconocimiento de patrones en la expresión emocional a través de la conducta vocal. Memoria de Licenciatura no publicada. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 1986.
29.
PfaffP. L.«An experimental study of the communications of feelings without contextual materials».Speech Monographs, 1954, 21, 155–156.
30.
RosenthalR.«Conducting judgments studies», enSchererK. R.EkmanP. (Eds.): Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
31.
RossM.DuffyR. J.CookerH. S.SargeanR. L.«Contribution of the lower audible frequencies to the recognition of emotions».American Annals of the Deaf, 1973, 118, 37–62.
32.
SchererK. R.«Nonlinguistic vocal indicators of emotion and psychopathology», enIzardC. E. (Ed.): Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology.Nueva York: Plenum, 1979.
33.
SchererK. R.«Speech and Emotional States», enDarbyJ. K. (Ed.): Speech evaluation in Psychyatry, Nueva York: Grunne Stratton, 1981.
34.
SchererK. R.«Methods of research on vocal communication: paradigms and parameters», enSchererK. R.EkmanP. (eds.): Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior researchCanbridge: Canbridge University Press, 1982.
35.
SchererK. R.«On the nature and function of emotion: A Component Process Approach». EnSchererK. R.EkmanP.Approaches to emotion.Hillsdale (N.J.): Erlbaum, 1984.
36.
SchererK. R.«The vocal expression of emotion: A progress report».Revista de Psicología Social, 1985, 0, 51–54.
37.
SchererK. R.«Vocal affect expression: a review and a model for future research».Psychological Bulletin, 1986, 99, 143–165.
38.
SchererK. R.KoivumakiJ.RosenthalR.«Minimal Cues in the vocal Communication of affect: Judging emotions from content-masked speech».Journal of Psycholinguistics Research, 1972, 1, 259–265.
39.
SchererK. R.LaddD. R.SilvermanK. E. A.«Vocal cues to speaker affect: Testing two models».Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1984, 76, 1346–1356.
40.
SchererK. R.LondonH.WolfJ. J.«The voice of confidence: Paralinguistic cues and Audience Evaluation».Journal of Research in Personality, 1975, 71, 31–44.
41.
SchererK. R.Oshinsky«Cue utilization in emotion attribution from auditory stimuli».Motivation and Emotion, 1977, 1, 331–346.
42.
SimonovP. V.FrolovM. B.«Utilization of Human Voice for Estimation of Man's Emotional stress and state of attention».Aerospace Medicine, 1973, 44, 256–258.
43.
SimonovP. V.FrolovM. V.«Analysis of the human voice as a method of controlling emotional state: Achievements and goals».Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1977, 48, 23–25.
44.
SkinnerE. R.«A calibrated recording and analysis of the pitch, force, and quality of vocal tones expressing happiness and sadness. And a determination of the pitch and force of the subjective concepts of ordinary, soft, and loud tones».Speech Monographs, 1935, 2, 81–137.
45.
SoskinW. F.KauffmanP. E.«Judgment of emotion in word-free voice samples».The Journal of Communication, 1961, 11, 73–80.
46.
StreeterL. A.KraussR. M.AppleW.MacdonaldN. H.«Acoustic consequences and perceptual indicators of stress».Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1978, 64, S115.
47.
WilliamsC. E.StevensK. W.«On determining the emotional state of pilots during flight: An exploratory study».Aerospace Medicine, 1969, 40, 1369–1372.
48.
WilliamsC. E.StevensK. W.«Emotions and speech. Some acoustical correlates».The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1972, 52, 1238–1250.
49.
WilliamsC. E.StevensK. W.«Vocal correlates of emotional states», enDarbyJ. K. (Ed.): Speech evaluation in psychiatrics.Nueva York: Grune & Stratton, 1981.
50.
WoolfG.GorskiR.PetersS.«Acquaintance and accuracy of vocal communication of emotions».Journal of Communication, 1972, 22, 300–305.
51.
ZuckermanM.LipetsM. S.KoivumakiH. J.RosenthalR.«Encoding and decoding nonverbal cues of emotion».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 32, 1068–1076.
