This study empirically tested and compared three different models of factor structure with a sample of therapists working with sexual offenders, survivors of sexual abuse, or both. Results indicated that a modified five-factor model was the most appropriate. Practical implications for sexual offender/abuse survivor therapists are discussed.
Arbuckle, J.L. ( 2003). Amos 5.0 update to the Amos user’s guide. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
2.
Azar, S.T. ( 2000). Preventing burnout in professionals and paraprofessionals who work with child abuse and neglect cases: A cognitive behavioral approach to supervision. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 643-663.
3.
Bandalos, D.L. ( 2002). The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(1), 78-102.
4.
Barnes, K.L., & Moon, S.M. ( 2006). Factor structure of the Psychotherapy Supervisor Development Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development , 39(3), 130-140.
5.
Bengis, S.M. ( 1997). Personal and interpersonal issues for staff working with sexually abusive youth. In S. B. Edumunds (Ed.), Impact: Working with sexual abusers (pp. 31-50). Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.
6.
Cattell, R.B., & Burdsal, C.A. ( 1975). The radial parcel double factoring design: A solution to the item-vs-parcel controversy. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 10(2), 165-179.
7.
Cohen, J. ( 1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
8.
Demerouti, E., Verbeke, W., & Bakker, A.B. ( 2005). Exploring the relationship between a multidimensional and multifaceted burnout concept and self-rated performance. Journal of Management, 31, 186-209.
9.
Ellerby, L. (1997). Impact on clinicians: Stressors and providers of sex offender treatment. In S. Bird Edmunds (Ed.), Impact: Working with sexual abusers (pp. 51-60). Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.
10.
Emerson, S., & Markos, P.A. ( 1996). Signs and symptoms of the impaired counselor. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, 34, 108-117.
11.
Evans, T.D., & Villavisanis, R. (1997). Encouragement exchange: Avoiding therapist burnout. Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 5, 342-345.
12.
Figley, C.R. ( 2002). Compassion fatigue and the psychotherapist’s chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(11), 1433-1441.
13.
Hill, J.K. ( 1995). Countertransference in conflict: One client or two?Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 23, 105-116.
14.
Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P. ( 1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76-99). London: Sage.
15.
Jackson, D.L. ( 2003). Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the N:q hypothesis. Structural Equation Modeling , 10, 128-141.
16.
Jackson, K.E., Holzman, C., Barnard, T., & Paradis, C. ( 1997). Working with sex offenders: The impact on clinicians . In S. Bird Edmunds (Ed.), Impact: Working with sexual abusers (pp. 61-63). Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.
17.
Jones, J.W. ( 1980). The Staff Burnout Scale for health professionals. Park Ridge, IL: London House.
18.
Joreskog, K.G., & Sorbom, D. ( 1993). LISREL8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19.
Kadambi, M.A., & Truscott, D. ( 2003). Vicarious traumatization and burnout among therapists working with sex offenders. Traumatology, 9, 216-230.
20.
Kishton, J.M., & Widaman, K.F. ( 1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54(3), 757-765.
21.
Kline, R.B. ( 2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
22.
Lambie, G.W. ( 2006). Burnout prevention: A humanistic perspective and structured support group activity. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development, 45, 32-44.
23.
Layton, J.C. ( 1988). The countertransference phenomenon with therapists who work with sex offenders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania .
24.
Lee, S.M., Baker, C.R., Cho, S.H., Heckathorn, D.E., Holland, M.W., Newgent, R.A., et al. (2007). Development and initial psychometrics of the Counselor Burnout Inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 40, 142-154.
25.
Lee, S.M., Cho, S.H., Kissinger, D., & Ogle, N.T. (in press). A typology of burnout in professional counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development.
26.
Lehrman-Waterman, D.E., & Ladany, N. ( 2001). Development and validation of the Evaluation Process Within Supervision Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology , 48, 168-177.
27.
Leiter, M.P., & Harvie, P.L. ( 1996). Burnout among mental health workers: A review and a research agenda. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 40(2), 90-101.
28.
Loo, R. ( 2004). A typology of burnout types among police managers. Policing: An International Journal of Police, Strategies and Management , 27(2), 156-165.
29.
Malach-Pines, A., & Yafe-Yanai, O. (2001). Unconscious determinants of career choice and burnout: Theoretical model and counseling strategy. Journal of Employment Counseling, 38(4), 170-184.
30.
Maslach, C. ( 2005). Understanding burnout: Work and family issues. In D. Halpern, S. Murphy, & S. Elaine (Eds.), Work-family balance to work family interaction: Changing the metaphor (pp. 99-114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S.E. ( 1984). Patterns of burnout among a national sample of public contact workers. Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration , 7, 189-212.
33.
McCann, I.L., & Pearlman, L.A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims . Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 131-149.
34.
McCarthy, W.C., & Frieze, I.H. ( 1999). Negative aspects of therapy: Client perceptions of therapists’ social influence, burnout, and quality of care. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 33-50.
35.
Michaela, A.K., & Derek, T. ( 2003). Vicarious traumatization and burnout among therapists working with sex offenders. Traumatology, 9(4), 216-230.
36.
Myers, J.E., & Sweeney, T.J. ( 2005). Counseling for wellness: Theory, research, and practice . Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
37.
Newsome, S., Christopher, J. C., Dahlen, P., & Christopher, S. (2006). Teaching counselors self-care through mindfulness practices. Teachers’ College Resources, 108(9), 1881-1900.
38.
O’Halloran, T.M., & Linton, J.M. ( 2000). Stress on the job: Self-care resources for counselors . Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22(4), 354-364.
39.
Osborn, C.J. ( 2004). Seven salutary suggestions for counselor stamina. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(3), 319-328.
40.
Pearlman, L.A. ( 1996). Psychometric review of TSI Belief Scale. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation (pp. 419-430). Lutherville, MD: Sidran.
41.
Pearlman, L.A., & Saakvitne, K. ( 1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York: Norton.
42.
Polson, M., & McCullom, E. ( 1995). Therapist caring in the treatment of sexual abuse offenders: Perspectives from a qualitative case study of one sexual abuse treatment program . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 4, 21-43.
43.
Rich, K.D. ( 1997). Vicarious traumatization: A preliminary study. In S. Bird Edmunds (Ed.), Impact: Working with sexual abusers (pp. 75-88). Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.
44.
Roelofs, J., Verbraak, M., Keijsers, G.P.J., de Bruin, M.B.N., & Schmidt, A.J.M. (2004). Psychometric properties of a Dutch version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS) in individuals with and without clinical burnout. Stress and Health, 21, 17-25.
45.
Savicki, V., & Cooley, E.J. ( 1981). Implication of burnout research and theory for counselor educators. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60(7), 415-419.
46.
Schaufeli, W.B., & Van Dierendonck, D. (1995). A cautionary note about the cross-national and clinical validity of cut-off points for the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Psychological Reports, 76, 1083-1090.
47.
Thompson, T.L. ( 1999). Managed care: Views, practices, and burnout of psychologists . Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 60(3-B), 1318.
48.
Tracey, T.J., & Kokotovic, A.M. (1989). Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 1, 207-210.
49.
VanDeusen, K.M., & Way, I. ( 2006). Vicarious trauma: An exploratory study of the impact of providing sexual abuse treatment on clinicians’ trust and intimacy . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15(1), 69-85.
50.
Vredenburgh, L.D., Carlozzi, A.F., & Stein, L.B. ( 1999). Burnout in counseling psychologists: Type of practice setting and pertinent demographics. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 12(3), 293-302.
51.
Young, M., & Lambie, G. ( 2007). Wellness in school and mental health systems: Organizational influences. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development, 46, 98-113.
52.
Yu, K.L., Lee, S.M., & Nesbit, E.A. ( 2008). Development of a culturally valid Counselor Burnout Inventory in Korean counselors. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 41, 153-162.
53.
Yu, K.L., Lee, S.H., & Lee, S.M. ( 2007). Counselor’s collective self-esteem mediates job dissatisfaction and relationship with clients. Journal of Employment Counseling, 44, 163-172.