El presente artículo ofrece una revisión de los estudios realizados en las dos últimas décadas sobre mapas cognitivos aplicados al mundo urbano a partir de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo por los autores de primera línea en el tema. El conjunto de tales trabajos hace patente la falta de articulación en que se encuentra el constructo «mapa cognitivo». Sin embargo, ofrecen unas orientaciones a tener en cuenta necesariamente en cualquier futura investigación.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AppleyardD. D.«Why buildings are knowing a predictive tool for architects and planners».Environment and Behavior, 1969, 1, 131–156.
2.
AppleyardD. D.«Styles and Methods of Structuring A City».Environment and Behavior, 1970, 2, 100–117.
3.
AppleyardD. D.Planning a Pluralist City: Conflicting Realities in Ciudad Guayana, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1976.
4.
AppleyardD. D.«A Planner's guide to environmental Psychology: A review essay».J. American Institute Planners, 1977, 43, 184–189.
5.
AppleyardD. D.«The environnmental as a social symbol».Journal of the American Planning Association, 1979. 45. 143–153.
6.
AragonesJ. I.Mapas cognitivos de Ambientes Urbanos: Un estudio empirico sobre Madrid, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 1983.
7.
AragonesJ. I.ArredondoJ. M.«Structure of Urban cognitive Maps».Journal of Environmental Psychology, (en prensa).
8.
BaillyA. S.La percepción del espacio urbano. Conceptos, métodos de estudio y su utlización en la investigación urbanistica, Instituto de Estudio de Administración Local (Nuevo Urbanismo, 29), Madrid, 1979.
9.
BeckR. J.WoodD.«Cognitive Transformation of information from urban geographie fields to mental maps».Environment and Behavior, 1976, 8(2), 199–238.
10.
BellG.RandallE.RoederJ.Urban environments and human behavior: An annotated bibliography, Dowden, Hutchinson y Ross, Stroundsburg, P. a, 1973.
11.
BoagaG.Diseño de tráfico y forma urbana, Gustavo Gilí, Barcelona, 1977.
12.
CadwalladerM.«Problems in cognitive distance implication for cognitive mapping».Environment and Behavior, 1979, 11, 4, 576–579.
13.
ChuecaF.Madrid, ciudad con vocación de capital, Ed. Pico Sacro, Santiago de Compostela, 1974.
14.
CraneD. A.«Review of the Image of City».Journal of the American Institute Planner, 1961, 27, 152–154.
15.
De JongeD.«Images of urban areas: their structure and psychological foundations».Journal of American Institute Planners, 1962, 28, 266–276.
16.
DownsR. M.SteaD.«Cognitive maps and spatial behavior: Process and products». EnDownsR. M.SteaD.Image and Environment, Aldine, Chicago, 1973.
EvansG. W.PezdekK.«Cognitive mapping: Knowledge of real-world distance and location information».Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human leargning and memory, 1980, 6, 13–24.
19.
FrancescatoD.MebaneW.«How citizens view two great cities: Milan and Rome». EnDownsR. M.SteaD. (eds.): Image and environment: Cognitive mapping and spatial Behavior, Aldine, Chicago, 1973.
20.
GolledgeR. G.«Multidimensional analysis in the study of environmental behavior an environmental design». EnAltmanWohlwillJ. (eds.): Human behavior and environment (vol. 2), Plenum Press, Nueva York, 1977.
21.
GoodeyB.Perception of the Environment: An Introduction to the Literature, Ocasional Paper, núm. 17, Center for Urban an Rgional Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 1971.
22.
GooedyB.City-Scene. An Exploration into the Image of Central Birmingham as Seen by Area Residents, Center for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham, 1971.
23.
GulickJ.«Images of an Arab city».Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 1963, 179–198.
24.
HardwickD. A. McINTYRE, C. W., y PICK, H. L.: «The coment and manipulation of cognitive maps in children and adults».Monograph of the society for Research in child development, 1976, 41(3, serial num. 166).
25.
HolahanCH.J.and dobrowlnyM. B.«Cognitive and Behavioral correlates of the spatial environment, Environment and Behavior, 1978, 10, 3, 317–333.
26.
KaplanS.«Cognitive Maps, Human Needs and the Designed Environment». EnPreiserW. F. E. (ed.): Environmental Design. Research, I, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, 1973 a.
27.
KaplanS.«Cognitive maps in perception and thought». EnDownsR.SteaD. (Eds.): «Image and environment». Cognitive mapping and spatial behavior, Aldine, Chicago, 1973 b.
28.
KaranP. P.BladenW. A.SinghG.«Slum Dwellers' and squatlers' images of the city».Environment and Behavior, 1980, 12(1), 81–100.
29.
KleinH. J.«The delimitation of the town center. The Image of Its Citizens. En Univesity of Amsterdam. Sociografical Departament».Urban core an Inner City, Leyden, E. J. Brill, 1967.
30.
KreimerA.«Building the imagery of San Francisco. An analysis of controversy over high-rise development, 1970–71». EnPreisserW. F. E. (ed.): Environment Desing Research, II, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, 1973.
31.
LaddF. C.«Black yonths View their Environment: Neighborhood maps».Environment and Behavior, 1970, 2, 74–79.
32.
LeeT. R.Psychology and the Environment, Gral. Editor Peter-Herriot, Londres, 1976.
33.
LynchK.The Image of the City (versión castellana: La imagen de la ciudad, 4.a ed., Ediciones Infinito, Buenos Aires, 1976), MIT, Press, Cambridge, 1960.
34.
MagañaJ. Z. «An empirical and Interdisciplinary Test of a Theory of Urban Perception» (Doctoral Dissenation, University of California, Irvine). Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 1460 b (University Microfils, núm. 78–15, 840), 1978.
35.
MettonA.«L'espace perçu: diversité des approches».L'espace Geographique, 1974, 3, 228–229.
36.
MilgramS.«The experience of living in cities».Science, 1970, 167, 1461–1468.
37.
MilgramS.«A psychological map of New York city».American Scientist, 1972, 60(2), 194–200.
38.
MilgramS.JodeletD.«Psychological maps of Paris». EnMilgramS. (ed.): The individual in a Social World. Essays and Experiments, Addison-Wesley Pub, Londres, 1977.
MooreG. T.«The development of environmental knowing: An overview of an interactional—constructi—vist theory and some data within-individual development variations». EnCanterD.LeeT. (eds.): Psychology and the built environment, Architectural Press Ltd, Tonbrigde, 1974.
41.
MooreG. T.«Spatial relations ability and developmental levels of urban cognitive mapping: a research note».Man-Environment Systems, 1975, 5, 247–248.
42.
MooreG. T.«Theory and research on the development of environmental knowing». EnMoor«G.T.GolledgeR. G. (eds.): Environmental knowing. Theories Research, and Methods, Dowden, Hutchinson anc Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa., 1976.
43.
MooreG. T.«Knowing about environmental knowing: The current state of theory and Research or Environmental cognition».Environment and Behavior, 1979, 11(1), 33–70.
44.
MooreG. T.GolledgeR. G.«Environmental knowing: Concepts and theories». EnMoor«G.T.GolledgeR. G. (eds.): Environmental knowing: Theories, Research and method, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg, 1976.
45.
Norberg-ShulzCExistence, space and Architecture, Studio Vista, Londres, 1971.
46.
PearceP.CairneyP.«Recognizing city scenes: a test of Milgram's formula».International Journal of psychology, 1980, 15, 95–103.
47.
PocokD.«The city of the mind: a review of mental maps in urban areas».Scottish Geogrphical Journal, 1972, 88, 116–124.
48.
PocockD.HudsonR.Images of the Urban Environment, Columbia, U. Press, Nueva York, 1978.
49.
RapoportA.Aspectos humanos de la forma humana. Hacia una confrontación de las ciencias sociales con el diseñ de la forma urbana, Gustavo Gilí, Barcelona, 1978.
50.
RossH.Behavior and perception in strange environments, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London, 1974.
51.
SaarinenT. F.Environment and Planning, Perception and Behavior, Houghton Miffin Company, Boston, M A., 1976.
52.
SicaP.La imagen de la ciudad. De Esparta a Las Vegas, Gustavo Gill, Barcelona, 1977.
53.
ShimizuH.The structure of city image, Gihodo, Tokio, 1979.
54.
SievertsT.«Perceptual images of the city of Berlin».Urban Core and Imer city, Leiden Brill, University of Amsterdam, Sociografical Departement, 1967.
StringerP.«La comprensión de la ciudad». EnCanterD.StringerP. (eds.): Interacción Ambiental aproximaciones psicológicas a nuestros entornos físicos, Instituto de estudios de la Administración Local Madrid, 1978.
57.
TolmanE. C.«Cognitive maps in rats and men».Psychological Review, 1948, 55, 189–208.
58.
WoodD.Fleeting glimpses: Adolescent and other images of the entity called San Cristóbal de las Casas, Tesis doctoral inédita, Clark University, Chiapas, México, 1971.
59.
ZawamiM.Perception of Downtown: A case study of Washington, Dc., Master's thesis George Washington University, 1970.
