Recommended Approaches for the Evaluation of Testicular and Epididymal Toxicity

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Berndtson WE , Neefus C. , Foote RH , Amann RP (1989). Optimal replication for histometric analysis of testicular function in rats and rabbits. Fund Appl Toxicol 12: 291—302.

Blanchard KT , Lee J. , Boekelheide K. (1998). Leuprolide, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist reestablishes spermatogenesis after 2,5-hexanedione-induced irreversible testicular injury in the rat resulting in normalized stem cell factor expression. Endocrinol 139: 236—244.

Boorman GA , Chapin RE , Mitsumori K. (1990). Testis and Epididymis. In: Pathology of the Fischer Rat: Reference and Atlas, Boorman GA , Eustis SL , Elwell MR , Montgomery CA , MacKenzie WF (eds). Academic Press, San Diego, pp 405—418.

Chapin RE , Conner MW (1999). Testicular histology and sperm parameters. In: An Evaluation and Interpretation of Reproductive Endpoints for Human Health Risk Assessment, Daston G , Kimmel C (eds). ILSI Press, Washington, DC, pp 28—41.

Chapin RE , Heindel JJ (1993). Methods in Toxicology. Volume 3. Part A: Male Reproductive Toxicology. Academic Press Inc, San Diego.

Chapin RE , Ku WW (1994). The reproductive toxicity of boric acid. Environ Health Persp 102, suppl 7: 87—91.

Chapin RE , Ross MD , Lamb JC ( 1984). Immersion fixation methods for glycol methacrylate embedded testes. Toxicol Pathol 12: 221— 227.

Chapin RE , Sloane RA , Haseman JK (1998). Reproductive endpoints in general toxicity studies: are they predictive. Reprod Toxicol 12: 489—494.

Chellman GJ , Bus JS , Working PK (1986). Role of epididymal inflammation in the induction of dominant lethal mutations in Fischer 344 rat sperm by methyl chloride. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 8087—8091.

Clegg ED , CookJC , Chapin RE , Foster PMD , Daston GP (1997). Leydig cell hyperplasia and adenoma formation: Mechanisms and relevance to humans. Reprod Toxicol 11: 107—121.

Creasy DM (1997). Evaluation of testicular toxicity in safety evaluation studies: the appropriate use of spermatogenic staging. Toxicol Pathol 25: 119—131.

Creasy DM (2001). Pathogenesis of male reproductive toxicity. Toxicol Pathol 29: 64—76.

Creasy DM , Foster PMD (2001). Male reproductive system. Chapter 10. In: Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, 2nd ed, Haschek W , Rousseaux C , Wallig M (eds). Academic Press Inc, San Diego, pp

Creasy DM , Jonassen H. (1999). Histological fixation of the testes: Use of Davidson's fluid as an alternative to Bouin's fluid. Vet Pathol 36: 518.

Foley GM (2001). Overview of male reproductive pathology. Toxicol Pathol 29: 49—63.

Harleman JH (1997). Testicular toxicity: Regulatory guidelines—The end of formaldehyde fixation? Toxicol Pathol 25: 414—417.

Hess RA (1990). Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the stages and transitions in the cycle of the rat seminiferous epithelium: Light microscopic observation of perfusion-fixed and plastic embedded testes . Biol Reprod 43: 525—542.

Hess RA (1998). Effects of environmental toxicants on the efferent ducts epididymis and fertility. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 53: 247—259.

Hess RA , Chen P. ( 1992). Computer tracking of germ cells in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and prediction of changes in cycle duration in animals commonly used in reproductive biology and toxicology. J Androl 13: 185—190.

Hess RA , Moore BJ (1993). Histological methods for evaluation of the testes . In: Methods in Toxicology, Volume 3, Part A. Male Reproductive Toxicology, Chapin RE , Heindel JJ (eds). Academic Press Inc, San Diego, CA, pp 86—94.

Hess RA , Schaeffer DJ , Eroschenko VP , Keen JE ( 1990). Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat. Biol Reprod 43: 517—524.

James RW , Heywood R. (1979). Age-related variations in the testes and prostate of beagle dogs. Toxicology 12: 273—279.

Kawakami E. , Tsutsui T. , Ogasa A. (1991). Histological observations of the reproductive organs of the male dog from birth to sexual maturity. J Vet Med Sci 53: 241—248.

Lantendresse JR , Warbrittion AR , Jonassen H. , Creasy DM (2002). Fixation of testes and eyes using a modified Davidson's fluid: Comparison with Bouin's fluid and conventional Davidson's fluid. Toxicol Pathol, in press.

Leblond CP , ClermontY. (1952). Spermiogenesis ofrat, mouse, hamster, and guinea pig as revealed by the periodic acid-fuchsin sulfurous acid technique. Am J Anat 90: 167—215.

Knobil E. , Neill J. , Greenwald G. , Markert C. , Pfaff D. (1994). The Physiology of Reproduction, 2nd ed. Raven Press, New York.

Lee J. , Richburg JH , Shipp E. , Meistrich ML , Boekelheide K. (1999). The Fas system, a regulator of testicular germ cell apoptosis, is differentially up-regulated in Sertoli cell versus germ cell injury of the testis. Endocrinol 140: 852—858.

Lee J. , Richburg JH , Younkin SC , Boekelheide K. (1997). The Fas system is a key regulator of germ cell apoptosis in the testis. Endocrinol 138: 2081— 2088.

Linder RE , Strader LF , Slott VL , Suarez JD (1992). Endpoints of spermatotoxicity in the rat after short duration exposures to 14 reproductive toxicants. Reprod Toxicol 6: 491—505.

Meistrich ML (1986). Critical components of testicular function and sensitivity to disruption. Biol Reprod 34: 17—28.

Nolte T. , Harleman JH , Jahn W. ( 1995). Histopathology of chemically induced testicular atrophy in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 47: 267—286.

Rehm S. (2000). Spontaneous testicular lesions in purpose bred beagle dogs. Toxicol Pathol 28: 782—787.

Russell LD , Ettlin RA , Sinha Hikim AP , Clegg ED (1990). Histological and histopathological evaluation of the testis. Cache River Press, Clearwater, FL, pp 62—193.

Russell LD , Griswold MD (ed). (1993). The Sertoli Cell . Cache River Press, Clearwater, Florida.

Sprando RL (1990). Perfusion of the rat testis through the heart using heparin. In: Histological and Histopathological Evaluation of the Testes, Russell LD , Ettlin R , Sinha Hikim AP , Clegg ED (eds). Cache River Press, Florida, pp 277—280.

Wolfe L. (1978). Age and sexual behavior of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Arch Sexual Behav 7(1): 55—68.