Abstract
Study Design
Case report.
Objective
To describe a very rare case of an immunocompetent man who underwent surgery for thoracic spondylodiscitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that developed as a superinfection of a pulmonary tuberculous granuloma.
Methods
Posterior decompression and pedicle screw vertebral fixation were followed by T5–T6 anterior somatotomy with implant of an expandable mesh and lateral plating as symptoms worsened. During the anterior approach, an atypical resection of the left lower lobe was also performed.
Results
A tuberculous granuloma was detected on histology. Ziehl-Neelsen stain confirmed the diagnosis. Culture also detected MRSA.
Conclusions
Early medical management is the first choice for spondylodiscitis to eradicate the infection and alleviate pain. Immobilization of the affected spine segments can protect the patient from vertebral collapse and from the appearance of neurologic deficits. Surgery is suggested if there are compressive effects on the spinal cord, spinal epidural abscess, vertebral collapse, and deformity. We decided to remove the abscess and to restore the anterior column using an anterior approach. Moreover, in this case, an anterior approach allowed us to identify the etiology of the lesion and to determine the best chemotherapy regimen.
Introduction
Spondylodiscitis is an infection involving the intervertebral disk, the vertebral body, or the posterior arch of the vertebra. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common cause of spondylodiscitis worldwide, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, which is the predominant pathogen in pyogenic spondylodiscitis. 1 , 2 Even if chemotherapy is the first treatment, sometimes surgery is needed. We report the rare case of an immunocompetent patient who underwent surgery for thoracic spondylodiscitis caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which developed as a superinfection of a pulmonary tuberculous granuloma.
Case Report
A 41-year-old man presented to the emergency room with dorsal back pain unresponsive to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. His symptoms included persistent cough, which started 6 months earlier, but he did not have a subjective history of fevers. Neurologic examination was normal. He was 175 cm in height and weighed 130 kg (body mass index = 42 kg/m2). Full blood count and biochemistry showed white blood cell count (WBC) 14,269/L (neutrophils 71.3%; lymphocytes 21.8%; monocytes 2.2%; WBC 4.4 to 11.3/L); functional fibrinogen 907 mg/dL (1.5 to 4 g/dL); C-reactive protein 13.86 mg/dL (0.1 to 6 mg/dL); D-dimer 2,058 µg/L (0 to 500 µg/L); pH 7.74; p
A thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was obtained (Fig. 1), which revealed a lesion with a low T1- and high T2-weighted signal in the T5–T6 vertebral body with high postcontrast enhancement involving the T5–T6 disk and the left anterior prevertebral soft tissues. An epidural abscess was also evident, resulting in slightly spinal cord compression.
Magnetic resonance imaging scan on admission. Lesion with a low T1-weighted (A) and high T2-weighted (C) signal in the T5–T6 vertebral body with high postcontrast enhancement (B), involving the T5–T6 disk and the left anterior prevertebral soft tissues; an epidural abscess is also evident, resulting in slight spinal cord compression.
Further workup included blood cultures and computed tomography (CT)-guided needle biopsy of the T5 vertebral body. The blood and biopsy cultures both grew MRSA. Treatment started with rifampin 600 mg, teicoplanin 400 mg, levofloxacin 750 mg, and mobilization in an MZ brace.
Seven days later, the patient developed a high-grade lower-extremity weakness. An urgent MRI scan (Fig. 2) showed an increase in the size of the lesion, fracture of the inferior T5 and superior T6 end plates, and local kyphosis resulting in greater spinal cord compression. The patient underwent surgery of posterior decompression and T3–T9 pedicle screw fixation. Postoperative CT scan (Fig. 3) showed good decompression but not complete realignment of the vertebral bodies.
Magnetic resonance imaging scan after symptoms worsened showing an increase in the size of the lesion, inferior T5 and superior T6 end plate fractures, and local kyphosis resulting in greater spinal cord compression.
Postsurgical computed tomography scan: good decompression but not complete realignment of the vertebral bodies.
Seven days later, an anterior approach was used to reconstruct the anterior column and to remove the paravertebral abscess. A T5–T6 corpectomy with implant of an expandable mesh and lateral plating was performed (Fig. 4). A left-side thoracotomy was performed. After lung collapse, a discolored area was identified on the surface of the lower lobe of the left lung, involving the pleura and the paravertebral tissues, and appeared contiguous with the area of the spinal abscess. Atypical resection of the left lower lobe was performed. The material underwent histologic examination and aerobic, anaerobic, fungal, mycobacterial cultures. A tuberculous granuloma was detected on histology. Ziehl-Neelsen stain confirmed the diagnosis. Cultures also detected MRSA.
Left-side thoracotomy, intraoperative view: T5–T6 expandable mesh implant. Irregular area on the surface of the lung corresponding to the pyogenic abscess developed on tuberculous granuloma.
Treatment was started with rifampin (600 mg), linezolid (600 mg), ethambutol (25 mg/kg), pyrazinamide (25 mg/kg), and isoniazid (300 mg). The patient was referred to rehabilitation. One year later, X-ray (Fig. 5) showed good realignment of the spinal column and no other complications. The patient is able to walk independently and the back pain is gone.
One-year follow-up X-ray scan: good realignment of the spinal column and no other complications.
Discussion
Spondylodiscitis can be etiologically classified as pyogenic, granulomatous (tuberculosis, brucellosis, or fungal infection), or parasitic. Pyogenic spondylodiscitis commonly affects the lumbar column and more rarely affects the thoracic and the cervical column. 3 S. aureus is the predominant pathogen in pyogenic spondylodiscitis, followed in older people by enterobacteria, mainly Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter spp. 4 , 5 , 6 Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common cause of spondylodiscitis worldwide. Tuberculosis affects mostly the thoracic spine and involves two or more vertebral segments. The main contamination routes are hematogenous spread, external inoculation, or involvement from adjacent tissue. 3
Early medical management is the first choice for eradicating the infection and alleviating pain. 3 Immobilization of the affected spine segments can protect the patient from vertebral collapse and from the appearance of neurologic deficits. Chemotherapy should be determined after microorganisms are detected. 7 Microbiologic diagnosis is essential to enable targeted antibiotic treatment. Agent-sensitive intravenous antibiotics should be begun preferably only after the pathogen has been identified and a table of resistance/sensitivity has been formulated. 8 Material taken from biopsy should undergo aerobic, anaerobic, fungal, and mycobacterial cultures. Less invasive percutaneous biopsy is a safe procedure and can be taken either by CT-guided scan or by endoscopy. 9 Nevertheless, biopsy and blood cultures allow microorganism identification in half of patients. When the pathogen is not detected, empirical therapy with a broad-spectrum antibiotic regimen is appropriate. 8
Surgery is recommended if there is spinal cord compression, spinal epidural abscess, vertebral collapse, or deformity. 10 The anterior approach is the standard for anterior vertebral body debridement and stabilization. The posterior approach is mainly indicated to decompress the spinal cord or the nerve root due to an epidural abscess. 11 However, better stability is achieved with a circumferential fusion.
In our case, the pyogenic spondylodiscitis developed as a superinfection of a pulmonary tuberculous granuloma due to a contiguous invasion of the intervertebral disk. The best treatment for a tuberculous granuloma is surgical removal if the capsule does not allow an effective concentration of drugs in the infection's site. 12 In our case, posterior decompression was performed in an emergency setting because of the symptoms. We decided to use an anterior approach to remove the abscess and to restore the anterior column. Moreover, in this case an anterior approach allowed us to identify the etiology of the lesion and to set the correct chemotherapy. The patient was positioned in right lateral decubitus, and the thoracotomy was achieved via the left side to allow a good exposure and removal of the abscess that had a left extension inside the chest.
The anterior approach with manubriotomy was not considered because the lesion was below the cervicothoracic angle. 13 Transthoracic thoracotomy is safe and rarely associated with neurologic deterioration. 14
Disclosures
Pasquale Donnarumma, none
Roberto Tarantino, none
Valeria Palmarini, none
Tiziano De Giacomo, none
Roberto Delfini, none