Free accessResearch articleFirst published online 1990-11
Protection against Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Damage by the α 2 -Adrenoceptor Antagonist Idazoxan: Influence of Time of Administration and Possible Mechanisms of Action
AbrahamGEManlimosFSGarzaR, (1977) Radioimmunoassay of steroids. In: Handbook of Radioimmunoassay (AbrahamGE, ed), New York, Marcel Dekker, pp. 591–656
2.
AghajanianGCedarbaumJMWangRY, (1977) Evidence for norepinephrine-mediated collateral inhibition of locus coeruleus neurons. Brain Res136:570–577
3.
AuerRNOlssonYSiesjöBK, (1984) Hypoglycemic brain injury in the rat. Correlation of density of brain damage with the EEG isoelectric time: A quantitative study. Diabetes33: 1090–1098
4.
BeaniLBianchiCGiacomelliATamperiF, (1978) Noradrenaline inhibition of acetylcholine release from guinea pig brain. Eur J Pharmacol48:179–193
5.
BlomqvistPLindvallOWielochT, (1984) Delayed postischemic hypoperfusion: Evidence against involvement of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab4:425–429
6.
BlomqvistPLindvallOWielochT, (1985) Lesions of the locus coeruleus system aggravate ischemic damage in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett38:353–358
7.
BoyajianCLLeslieFL, (1987) Pharmacological evidence for alpha-2 adrenoceptor heterogeneity: Differential binding properties of [3H]rauwolscine and [3H]idazoxan in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther241:1092–1098
8.
BoyesonMGFeeneyDM, (1984) The role of norepinephrine in recovery from brain injury. Soc Neurosci Abstr10:68
9.
BoweryNGWongEHFHudsonAL, (1988) Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]-MK-801 binding sites in mammalian brain. Br J Pharmacol93:944–954
10.
BristowDRBoweryNGWoodruffGN, (1986) Light microscopic autoradiographic localization of [3H]glycine and [3H]strychnine binding sites in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol126:303–307
11.
BuzsàkiGFreundTFBayardoFSomogyiP, (1989) ischemia-induced changes in the electrical activity of the hippocampus. Exp Brain Res78:268–278
12.
BylundDB, (1985) Heterogeneity of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav22:835–843
13.
CedarbaumJMAghajanianGK, (1976) Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus: Inhibition by epinephrine and activation by the α-antagonist piperoxane. Brain Res112:413–419
14.
CedarbaumJMAghajanianGK, (1978) Activation of locus coeruleus neurons by peripheral stimuli: Modulation by a collateral inhibitory mechanism. Life Sci23:1383–1392
15.
ChoiDW, (1988) Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron1:623–634
16.
ConventsAConventsDDe BackerJ-PDe KayserJVauquelinG, (1989) High affinity binding of 3H rauwolscine and 3H RX781094 to α2-adrenergic receptors and nonstereoselective sites in human and rabbit brain cortex membranes. Biochem Pharmacol38:455–463
17.
CrisostomoEADuncanPWPropstMDawsonDVDavisJN, (1988) Evidence that amphetamine with physical therapy promotes recovery of motor function in stroke patients. Ann Neurol23:94–97
18.
CrowderJMBradfordHF, (1987) Inhibitory effects of noradrenaline and dopamine on calcium influx and neurotransmitter glutamate release in mammalian brain slices. Eur J Pharmacol143:343–352
19.
CuretODennisTScattonB, (1987) Evidence for the involvement of presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the regulation of norepinephrine metabolism in the rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther240:327–336
20.
DabirH, (1986) Idazoxan: A novel pharmacological tool for the study of α2-adrenoceptors. Pharmacology (Paris17:113–118
21.
DahlgrenNLindvallOSakabeTSiesjöBK, (1981) Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat brain after lesions of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system. Brain Res209:11–23
22.
DavisJNNishinoKMooreK, (1989) Noradrenergic regulation of delayed neuronal death after transient forebrain ischemia. In: Cerebrovascular Diseases (GinsbergMDDietrichWD, eds), New York, Raven Press, pp. 109–116
23.
DennisTL'HeureuxRCarterCScattonB, (1987) Presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors play a major role in the effects of idazoxan on cortical noradrenaline release (as measured by in vivo dialysis) in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther241:642–649
24.
DietlH, (1978) Regulation of the release of neuronally localized corticosterone in rat forebrain areas by catecholamines. Neurosci Lett77:76–80
25.
DoxeyJCRoachAGSmithCFC, (1983) Studies on RX 781094: A selective, potent and specific antagonist of α2-adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol78:489–505
26.
DubocovichML, (1984) Presynaptic α-adrenoceptors in the central nervous system. Ann NY Acad Sci430:7–25
27.
ErnsbergerPMeleyMPMannJJReisDJ, (1987) Clonidine binds to imidazole binding sites as well as α2-adrenoceptors in the ventrolateral medulla. Eur J Pharmacol134:1–13
28.
FeeneyDMGonzalezALawWA, (1982) Amphetamine, haloperidol and experience interact to affect rate of recovery after motor cortex injury. Science217:855–857
29.
FehmHLVoigtKHLangREPfeifferEF, (1980) Effects of neurotransmitters on the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) by rat hypothalamic tissue in vitro. Exp Brain Res39:229–234
30.
FrankhuyzenALMulderAH, (1980) Noradrenaline inhibits depolarization-induced 3H-serotonin release from slices of rat hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol63:179–182
31.
FreedmanJEAghajanianGK, (1984) Idazoxan (RX 781094) selectively antagonizes α2-adrenoceptors on rat central neurons. Eur J Pharmacol105:265–272
32.
GlobusMY-TBustoRDietrichWDMartinezEValdésIGinsbergMD, (1989) Direct evidence for acute and massive norepinephrine release in the hippocampus during transient ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab9:892–896
33.
GoldsteinLB, (1989) Amphetamine-facilitated functional recovery after stroke. In: Cerebrovascular Diseases (GinsbergMDDietrichWD, eds), New York, Raven Press, pp. 303–308
34.
GrossGGothertMGlapaUEngelGSchumannHT, (1985) Lesioning of serotoninergic and noradrenergic nerve fibers of the rat brain does not decrease binding of 3H-clonidine and 3H-rauwolscine to cortical membranes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol328:229–235
35.
GustafsonIMiyauchiYWielochT, (1989) Postischemic administration of idazoxan, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, decreases neuronal damage in the rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab9:171–174
36.
HamiltonCAReidJLYakubuMA, (1988) [3H]yohimbine and [3H]idazoxan bind to different sites on rabbit forebrain and kidney membranes. Eur J Pharmacol146:345–348
37.
HökfeltTJohanssonOGoldsteinM, (1984) Chemical anatomy of the brain. Science225:1326–1334
38.
HovdaDAFeeneyDM, (1984) Amphetamine with experience promotes recovery of locomotor function after unilateral frontal cortex injury in the cat. Brain Res298:358–361
39.
HurwitzBEDietrichWDMcCabePMWatsonBDGinsbergMDSchneidermanN, (1989) Amphetamine-accelerated recovery from cortical barrel-field infarction: Pharmacological treatment of stroke. In: Cerebrovascular Diseases (GinsbergMDDietrichWD, eds), New York, Raven Press, pp. 309–318
40.
KirinoT, (1982) Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia. Brain Res239:57–69
L'HeureuxRDennisTCuretOScattonB, (1986) Measurement of endogenous noradrenaline release in the rat cerebral cortex in vivo by transcortical dialysis: Effects of drugs affecting noradrenergic transmission. J Neurochem46:1794–1801
44.
MadisonDVNicollRA, (1986) Actions of noradrenaline recorded intracellularly in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro. J Physiol (Lond)372:221–244
45.
MadisonDVNicollRA, (1988) Norepinephrine decreases synaptic inhibition in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res442:131–138
46.
MasonSTCorcoranME, (1979) Catecholamines and convulsions. Brain Res170:497–507
47.
MeldrumBSSwanJH, (1989) Competitive and non-competitive NMDA antagonists as cerebroprotective agents. In: Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia 1988 (KrieglsteinJ, ed), Boca Raton, CRC Press Inc., pp. 157–163
48.
MonaghanDTHoletsVRToyDWCotmanCW, (1983) Anatomical distributions of four pharmacologically distinct 3H-glutamate binding sites. Nature (Lond)306:176–179
49.
MooreRYGustafsonEL, (1989) The distribution of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y and galanin in locus coeruleus neurons. J Chem Neuroanat2:95–106
50.
MuellerALKirkKLHofferBJDunwiddieTV, (1982) Noradrenergic responses in rat hippocampus: Electrophysiological actions of direct- and indirect-acting sympathomimetics in the in vitro slice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther223:599–605
51.
MynlieffMDunwiddieTV, (1988) Noradrenergic depression of synaptic responses in hippocampus of rat: Evidence for mediation by alpha1-receptors. Neuropharmacology27:391–398
52.
NevanderGIngvarMLindvallO, (1986) Mechanisms of epileptic brain damage: Evidence for a protective role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system in the rat. Exp Brain Res63:439–442
53.
NishinoKDavisJN, (1989) Rapid reduction in [3H]prazosin binding to gerbil forebrain membranes during bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab9:358–363
54.
PangKRoseGM, (1987) Differential effects of norepinephrine on hippocampal complex-spike and Θ-neurons. Brain Res425:146–158
55.
ParkCKNehlsDGGrahamDITeasdaleGMMcCullochJ, (1988) The glutamate antagonist MK-801 reduces focal ischemic brain damage in the rat. Ann Neurol24:543–551
56.
PaxinosGWatsonC, (1982) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, North Ryde, Australia, Academic Press
57.
PettiboneDJPfleugerABTotaroJA, (1985) Comparison of the effects of recently developed α2-adrenergic antagonists with yohimbine and rauwolscine on monoamine synthesis in rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol34:1093–1097
58.
PimouleCScattonBLangerSZ, (1983)[3H]RX 781094: A new antagonist ligand labels α2-adrenoceptors in the rat brain cortex. Eur J Pharmacol95:79–85
59.
PittalugaARaiteriM, (1987) GABAergic nerve terminals in rat hippocampus possess α2-adrenoceptors regulating GABA release. Neurosci Lett76:363–367
60.
PulsinelliWABrierleyJBPlumF, (1982a) Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia. Ann Neurol11:491–498
61.
PulsinelliWALevyDEDuffyTE, (1982b) Regional cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism following transient forebrain ischemia. Ann Neurol11:499–509
62.
RothmanSMOlneyJW, (1986) Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic–ischemic brain damage. Ann Neurol19: 105–111
63.
RothmanSMOlneyJW, (1987) Excitotoxicity of the NMDA receptor. Trends Neurosci10:299–302
64.
RudolphiKAKeilMHinzeHJ, (1987) Effect of theophylline on ischemically induced hippocampal damage in Mongolian gerbils: A behavioral and histopathological study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab7:74–81
SawchenkoPESwansonLW, (1982) The organization of noradrenergic pathways from the brainstem to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the rat. Brain Res Rev4:275–281
67.
SegalMBloomFE, (1976) The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus. III. Hippocampal cellular responses to locus coeruleus stimulation in the awake rat. Brain Res107:499–511
68.
SimonRPSwanJHGriffithsTMeldrumBS, (1984) Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may protect against ischemic damage in the brain. Science226:850–852
69.
SimsonPEWeissJM, (1987) Alpha-2 receptor blockade increases responsiveness of locus coeruleus neurons to excitatory stimulation. J Neurosci7:1732–1740
70.
SmithMLAuerRNSiesjöBK, (1984a) The density and distribution of ischemic brain injury in the rat following 2–10 min of forebrain ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl)64:319–332
71.
SmithM-LBendekGDahlgrenNRosénIWielochTSiesjöBK, (1984b) Models for studying long-term recovery following forebrain ischemia in the rat. A 2-vessel occlusion model. Acta Neurol Scand69:385–401
72.
SvenssonTHBunneyBSAghajanianGK, (1975) Inhibition of both noradrenergic and serotoninergic neurons in brain by the alpha-adrenergic agonist Clonidine. Brain Res92:291–306
73.
SzafarczykAMalavalFLaurentAGibaudRAssenmacherI, (1987) Further evidence for a central stimulatory action of catecholamines on adrenocorticotropin release in the rat. Endocrinology121:883–892
74.
ThorellJLarssonSM, (1978) Radioimmunoassay and Related Techniques, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Co., pp. 131–136
75.
TuomistoJMannistoP, (1985) Neurotransmitter regulation of anterior pituitary hormones. Pharmacol Rev37:249–255
76.
U'PrichardDCBechtelWDRouotBMSnyderSH, (1979) Multiple apparent alpha-noradrenergic receptor binding sites in rat brain: Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine. Mol Pharmacol16:47–60
77.
WalterDSFlockhartIRHaynesMJHowlettDRLaneACBurtonRJohnsonJDettmarPW, (1984) Effects of idazoxan on catecholamine systems in rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol33:2553–2557
78.
WeinerRIGanongWF, (1978) Role of brain monoamines and histamine in regulation of anterior pituitary secretion. Physiol Rev58:905–976
WielochTKoideTWesterbergE, (1986) Inhibitory transmitters and neuromodulators as protective agents against ischemic brain damage. In: Pharmacology of Ischemic Brain Damage (KrieglsteinK, ed), Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 191–197
81.
WikbergJES, (1989) High affinity binding of idazoxan to a noncatecholaminergic binding site in the central nervous system: Description of a putative idazoxan-receptor. Pharmacol Toxicol64:152–155