Policy changes are necessary to promote cardiovascular disease prevention. These will involve community-based and public health initiatives for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In this article, we discuss such interventions, community-based participatory research that has been conducted in this area, and implications for capacity building in genetics research. Finally, areas for future research in this area will be identified.
Pearson TA,Bazzarre TL,Daniels SR.American Heart Association guide for improving cardiovascular health at the community level: a statement for public health practitioners, healthcare providers, and health policy makers from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science Circulation. 2003;107 (4): 645-651
2.
Milani RV,Lavie CJ.Impact of worksite wellness intervention on cardiac risk factors and one-year health care costs Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1389-1392
3.
Lightwood JM,Glantz SA.Declines in acute myocardial infarction after smoke-free laws and individual risk attributable to secondhand smoke Circulation. 2009;120 (14): 1373-1379
4.
Dawber TR,Meadors GF,Moore FE.Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham Study Am J Public Health. 1951;41 (3): 279-281
5.
Anderson KM,Wilson PWF,Odell PM,Kannel WB.An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals Circulation. 1991;83 (l): 356-362
6.
Wilson PW,D'Agostino RB,Levy D.Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories Circulation. 1998;97 (18): 1837-1847
7.
D'Agostino R,Russell H,Huse D.Primary and subsequent coronary risk appraisal: new results from the Framingham Study Am Heart J. 2000;139 (2 part 1): 272-281
8.
D'Agostino RB,Vasan RS,Pencina MJ.General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study Circulation. 2008;117 (6): 743-753
9.
Goodman A.President Obama's health plan and communitybased prevention Am J Public Health. 2009;99 (10): 1736-1738
10.
Glasgow R,Klesges R,Cleges L,Somes G.Variables associated with participation and outcome in a worksite smoking control program J Consult Clin Psych. 1988;56 (4): 617-620
11.
Krummel D,Koffman D,Browner Y.Cardiovascular health interventions in women: what works? J Womens Health Gend-Based Med. 2001;10 (2): 117-136
12.
DeHaven M,Hunter IB,Wilder L,Walton J,Berry J.Health programs in faith-based organizations: are they effective? Am J Public Health. 2004;94 (6): 1030-1036
13.
Anderson C.The delivery of health care in faith-based organization: parish nurses as promoters of health Health Commun. 2004;16 (1): 117-128
14.
Moore-Harrison T,Johnson M,Quinn M,Cress M.An evidence-based exercise program implemented in congregatemeal sites J Phys Act Health. 2009;6 (2): 247-251
15.
Froelicher E.Women's initiative for non smoking (WINS): design and methods Heart Lung. 2000;29 (6): 429-437
16.
Landis D,Georgiou A,Apple J,Durand J.Cardiovascular risk reduction at United Healthcare of North Carolina: the first 12 months J Clin Outcomes Mgmt. 2002;7 (4): 40-43
17.
McPherson C,Swenson K,Pine D,Leimer L.A nursebased pilot program to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in a primary care setting Am J Manag Care. 2002;8 (6): 543-555
18.
Ferdinand K.Lessons learned from Healthy Heart Community Project in reaching the African American population J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1997;8 (3): 366-371
19.
Plescia M,Herrick H,LaTonya C.Improving health behaviors in an African American Community: the Charlotte Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Project Am J Public Health. 2008;98 (9): 1678-1684
Mosca L,Banka C,Benjamin E.Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update Circulation. 2007;115 (11): 1481-1501
25.
Will J,Farris R,Sanders C,Stockmyer C,Finkelstein E.Health promotion interventions for disadvantaged women: overview of the WISEWOMAN Projects J Womens Health. 2004;13 (5): 484-502
26.
Leung MW,Yen IH,Minkler M.Community-based participatory research: a promising approach for increasing epidemiology's relevance in the 21st century Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33 (3): 499-506
27.
Green LW,Mercer SL.Participatory research: can public health agencies reconcile the push from funding bodies and the pull from communities? Am J Public Health. 2001;91 (12): 1926
28.
Wallerstein N,Duran BThe conceptual, historical and practice roots of community based participatory research and related participatory traditions Community-based Participatory Research for Health. Minkler MWallerstein N, ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2003:27-52.
29.
Israel BA,Schulz AJ,Parker EA,Becker AB.Review of community-based research: assessing partnership approaches to improve public health Annu Rev Public Health. 1998;19:173-202
30.
Horowitz CR,Robinson M,Seifer S.Community-based participatory research from the margin to the mainstream: are researchers prepared? Circulation. 2009;119 (19): 2633-2642
31.
Pazoki R,Nabipour I,Seyednezami N,Imami SR.Effects of a community-based healthy heart program on increasing healthy women's physical activity: a randomized controlled trial guided by community-based participatory research (CBPR) BMC Public Health. 2007;7:216
32.
Boyer BB,Mohatt BV,Lardón C.Building a communitybased participatory research center to investigate obesity and diabetes in Alaska natives Int J Circumpolar Health. 2005;64 (3): 281-290
33.
Mohatt GV,Plaetke R,Klejka J.The Center for Alaska Native Health Research Study: a community-based participatory research study of obesity and chronic disease-related protective and risk factors Int J Circumpolar Health. 2007;66 (1): 8-18
34.
Levy SR,Anderson EE,Issel LM.Using multilevel, multisource needs assessment data for planning community interventions Health Promot Pract. 2004;5 (l): 59-68
35.
Kannan S,Schulz A,Israel B.A community-based participatory approach to personalized, computer-generated nutrition feedback reports: the Healthy Environments partnership Prog Community Health Partnersh. 2008;2 (l): 41-53
36.
Kalra P,Srinivasan S,Ivey S,Greenlund K.Knowledge and practice: the risk of cardiovascular disease among Asian Indians: results from focus groups conducted in Asian Indian communities in Northern California Ethn Dis. 2004;14 (4): 497-504
37.
Higgins JW,Young L,Cunningham S,Naylor PJ.Out of the mainstream: low-income, lone mothers' life experiences and perspectives on heart health Health Promot Pract. 2006;7 (2): 221-233
38.
Grigg-Saito D,Och S,Liang S,Toof R,Silka L.Building on the strengths of a Cambodian Refugee community through community-based outreach Health Promot Pract. 2008;9 (4): 415-425
39.
Ebbesen LS,Heath S,Naylor PJ,Anderson D.Issues in measuring health promotion capacity in Canada: a multi-province perspective Health Promotion Int. 2004;19 (l): 85-94
40.
Wilcox W,Laken M,Bopp M.Increasing physical activity among church members: community-based participatory research Am J Prev Med. 2007;32 (2): 131-138
41.
Allen JK,Scott LB.Alternative models in the delivery of primary and secondary prevention programs J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2003;18 (2): 150-156
42.
Arthur HM,Wright DM,Smith KM.Women and heart disease: the treatment may end but the suffering continues Can J Nurs Res. 2001;33 (3): 7-29
43.
Schulz AJ,Kannan S,Dvonch JT.Social and physical environments and disparities in risk for cardiovascular disease: the Healthy Environments Partnership conceptual model Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113 (12): 1817-1825
44.
Chotibang J,Fongkaew W,Mo-suwan L,Meininger JC,Klunklin P.Development of a family and school collaborative (FASC) program to promote healthy eating and physical activity among school-age children Thai J Nurs Res. 2009;13 (2): 133-147
45.
Cashman SB,Adeky S,Allen AJ.The power and the promise: working with communities to analyze data, interpret findings, and get to outcomes Am J Public Health. 2008;98 (8): 1407-1417
46.
Frazier L,Meininger J,Lea DH,Boerwinkle E.Genetic discoveries and nursing implications for complex disease prevention and management J Profess Nurs. 2004;20 (4): 222-229
47.
Arking DE,Chakravarti A.Understanding cardiovascular disease through the lens of genome-wide association studies Trends Genet. 2009;25 (9): 387-394
48.
Gong G,Kosoko-Lasaki S,Haynatzki G,Cook C,O'Brien RL,Houtz LE.Ethical, legal, and social issues of genetic studies with African immigrants as research subjects J Nat Med Assoc. 2008;100 (9): 1073-1077
49.
Hutchinson JF,Sharp R.Karma, reincarnation, and medicine: Hindu perspectives on biomedical research Genomic Med. 2008;2 (34): 107-111
50.
Bussey-Jones J,Henderson G,Garrett J,Moloney M,Blumenthal C,Corbie-Smith G.Asking the right questions: views on genetic variation research among black and white research participants J Gen Intern Med. 2008;24 (3): 299-304
51.
Bonham VL,Citrin T,Modell SM,Franklin TH,Bleicher EWB,Fleck LM.Community-based dialogue: engaging communities of color in the United States' genetics policy conversation J Health Polit Policy Law. 2009;34 (3): 325-359
52.
McCarty CA,Chapman-Stone D,Derfus T,Giampietro PF,Fost N.Community consultation and communication for a population-based DNA biobank: the Marshfield Clinic Personalized Medicine Research Project Am J Med Genet A. 2009;146A (23): 3026-3033
53.
Israel BA,Lichtenstein R,Lantz P.The Detroit-Academic Urban Research Center: development implementation and evaluation J Public Health Manag Pract. 2001;7 (5): 1-19
54.
Frazier L,Sparks E,Sanner JE,Henderson M.Biobanks and biomarker research in cardiovascular disease J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2008;23 (2): 153-158
Lin Z,Owen AB,Altman RB.Genetic research and human subject privacy Science. 2004;305 (5681): 183
57.
Cuticchia AJ.Applying existing ethical principles to personalized medicine Internet J Law Healthc Ethics. 2009;6 (1): 1-10
58.
Murphy J,Scott J,Kaufman D,Geller G,LeRoy L,Hudson K.Public perspectives on informed consent for biobanking Am J Public Health. 2009;99 (12): 2128-2134
59.
Beskow LM,Dean E.Informed consent for biorepositories: assessing prospective participants' understanding and opinions Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17 (6): 1440-1451
60.
Mfutso-Bengo J,Ndebele P,Masiye F.Disseminating research results to research participants and their communities Malawi Med J. 2008;20 (2): 64-66
61.
Mello MM,Wolf LE.The Havasupal Indian tribe case – lessons for research involving stored biologic samples [published online ahead of print] N Engl J Med. 2010;363:204-207
62.
Ndebele P,Musesengwa R.Will developing countries benefit from their participation in genetics research? Malawi Med J. 2008;20 (2): 67-69
63.
Goering S,Holland S,Fryer-Edwards K.Transforming genetic research practices with marginalized communities: a case for responsive justice Hastings Cent Rep. 2008;38 (2): 43-53
64.
Ogilvie D,Craig P,Griffin S,Macintyre S,Wareham NJ.A translational framework for public health research BMC Public Health. 2009;9:116
65.
Booth SL,Mayer J,Sallis JF.Environmental and societal factors affect food choice and physical activity: rationale, influences, and leverage points Nutr Rev. 2009;59 (3): 521-539
66.
Riley BL,Taylor SM,Elliot SJ.Determinants of implementing heart health. Promotion activities in Ontario public health units: a social ecological perspective Health Ed Res. 2001;16 (4): 425-441
67.
Lanktree MB,Hegele RA.Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions: new insights into the prevention, detection and management of coronary artery disease Genome Med. 2009;1 (2): 28