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First published 2024-1

Confounding by Indication,Confounding Variables,Covariates,and Independent Variables: Knowing What These Terms Mean and When to Use Which Term

Chittaranjan Andrade

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

Retricted access

Article commentary

First published 2024

Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Dementia Risk: Confounding by Indication in Real-World Studies

Che-Yuan Wu, Walter Swardfager

Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease

Retricted access

Letter

First published 2016-4

Confounding by Indication: Response

Trevor Gaskill, W. Michael Pullen, Brandon Bryant [...]

The American Journal of Sports Medicine

Retricted access

Letter

First published 2016-4

Confounding by Indication: Letter to the Editor

Banne Nemeth, Suzanne C. Cannegieter

The American Journal of Sports Medicine

Free access

Research article

First published 2009-9

An audit of oral glucose tolerance tests at a large teaching hospital: indications,outcomes and confounding factors

Joshua Ryan, Deepani Siriwardhana, Samuel D Vasikaran

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine

Retricted access

Research article

First published 1998-10

Effects of Potential Confounding Factors on Fit Indices and Parameter Estimates for True and Misspecified SEM Models

Xitao Fan, Lin Wang

Educational and Psychological Measurement

Retricted access

Research article

First published 2018-4

A two-stage model in a Bayesian framework to estimate a survival endpoint in the presence of confounding by indication

Carine Bellera, Cécile Proust-Lima, Lawrence Joseph [...]

Statistical Methods in Medical Research

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Research article

First published 2019-01-22

Memantine and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Use in Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Trials: Potential for Confounding by Indication

Branko N. Huisa, Ronald G. Thomas, Shelia Jin [...]

Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease

Open access

Research article

First published 2025-7

Incorporation of missing indicator with multiple imputation in propensity score analysis with partially observed covariates: A simulation study

Sevinc Puren Yucel Karakaya, Ilker Unal

Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Free access

Editorial

First published 2015-7

Confounding Factors Should be Considered in Determining the Utility of Platelet Indices for Prediction of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Melike Nur Akin, Burcu Kasap, Fatih Akin

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis

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