Women's Health: Racial and Ethnic Health Inequities

Smedley BD , Stith AY , Nelson AR Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare. 1st ed. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003.

Peek ME , Wilson SC , Bussey-Jones J A study of national physician organizations’ efforts to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities in the United States. Acad Med. 2012; 87(6): 694–700.

Ginther DK , Schaffer TW , Schnell J Race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards. Science. 2011; 333(5045): 1015–9.

National Institutes of Health. Draft report of the Advisory Committee to the Director Working Group on Diversity in the Biomedical Research Workforce http://acd.od.nih.gov/Diversity%20in%20the%20Biomedical%20Research%20Workforce%20Report.pdf. Accessed August 26, 2013.

United States Census Bureau, Population Division. National intercensal estimates of the resident population by single year of age, sex, race, Hispanic origin for the United States: April 1 2000 to July 2010. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/intercensal/national/nat2010.html. Accessed July 18, 2013.

National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2011: with special feature on socioeconomic status and health. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2012.

Cronin KA , Richardson LC , Henley SJ Vital signs: racial disparities in breast cancer severity—United States, 2005-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012; 61(45): 922–26.

US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. Women's health USA 2012. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2013.

Armstrong LR , Hall HI , Wingo PA , Kassim S . Invasive cervical cancer among Hispanic and non-Hispanic women—United States, 1992-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002; 51(47): 1047–70.

National Center for Health Statistics. Women's health, United States, 2010 with chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2009.

World Health Organization. Social determinants of health. http://www.who.int/social_determinants/sdh_definition/en/index.html. Accessed July 18, 2013.

United States Office of the Federal Register. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Secretary. Delayed update of the HHS poverty guidelines for the remainder of 2010. Fed Regist. 2010; 75(148): 45628–29.

Olshansky SJ , Antonucci T , Berkman L Differences in life expectancy due to race and educational differences are widening, and many may not catch up. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012; 31(8): 1803–13.

Cutler DM , Lleras-Muney A . Policy brief: education and health. Ann Arbor, MI: National Poverty Center; 2007.

Stillwell R , Hoffman L . Public school graduates and dropouts from the common core of data: school year 2005-06. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics; 2008.

Haas S . Trajectories of functional health: the ‘long arm’ of childhood health and socioeconomic factors. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 66(4): 849–61.

Guralnik JM , Butterworth S , Wadsworth ME , Kuh D . Childhood socioeconomic status predicts physical functioning a half century later. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006; 61(7): 694–701.

Howard VJ , McClure LA , Glymour MM Effect of duration and age at exposure to the Stroke Belt on incident stroke in adulthood. Neurology. 2013; 80(18): 1655–61.

Kimbro RT , Denney JT . Neighborhood context and racial/ethnic differences in young children's obesity: structural barriers to interventions. Soc Sci Med. 2012; pii: S0277–9536 (12)00696-x.

Cubbin C , Pedregon V , Egerter S , Braveman P . Issue brief 3: neighborhoods and health. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2008.

Ludwig J , Sanbonmatsu L , Gennetian L Neighborhoods, obesity, and diabetes—a randomized social experiment. N Engl J Med. 2011; 1509–19.

Ahmed AT , Mohammed SA , Williams DR . Racial discrimination & health: pathways & evidence. Indian J Med Res. 2007; 126(4): 318–27.

Williams DR , Collins C . Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116(5): 404–16.

Finch BK , Basurto-Davila R , Bird C , Escarce J , Lurie N . Does place explain racial health disparities? Quantifying the contribution of residential context to the black/white health gap in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 67(8): 1258–68.

Charles CZ . The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annu Rev Sociol. 2003; 29: 167–207.

Dai D . Black residential segregation, disparities in spatial access to health care facilities, and late-stage breast cancer diagnosis in metropolitan Detroit. Health Place. 2010; 16: 1038–52.

Krieger N . Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int J Health Serv. 1999; 259(2): 295–352.

Mays VM , Cochran SD , Barnes NW . Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annu Rev Psychol 2007; 58: 201–25.

Gilbert CG . A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92(4): 615–23.

Williams DR , Mohammed SA . Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009; 32(1): 20–47.

Williams DR , Neighbors HW , Jackson JS . Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2003; 93(2): 200–8.

Giurgescu C , McFarlin BL , Lomax J , Craddock C , Albrecht A . Racial discrimination and the black-white gap in adverse birth outcomes: a review. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2011; 56(4): 362–70.

Carty DC , Kruger DJ , Turner TM , Campbell B , DeLoney EH , Lewis EY . Racism, health status, and birth outcomes: results of a participatory community-based intervention and health survey. J Urban Health. 2011; 88(1): 84–97.

Bennett IM , Culhane JF , Webb DA Perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms, smoking, and recent alcohol use in pregnancy. Birth. 2010; 37(2): 90–7.

Kirby JB , Kaneda T . Unhealthy and uninsured: exploring racial differences in health and health insurance coverage using a life table approach. Demography. 2010; 47(4): 1035–51.

Hernandez VR , Montana S , Clarke K . Child health inequality: framing a social work response. Health Soc Work. 2010; 35(4): 291–301.

Devoe JE , Ray M , Krois L , Carlson MJ . Uncertain health insurance coverage and unmet children's health care needs. Fam Med. 2010; 42(2): 121–32.

DeNavas-Walt C , Proctor BD , Smith JC . Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2011. Washington, DC: Census Bureau, US Department of Commerce; 2012.

Smolderen KG , Spertus JA , Tang F Treatment differences by health insurance among outpatients with coronary artery disease: insights from the national cardiovascular data registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61(10): 1069–75.

Sarto G . Of disparities and diversity: where are we? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 192(4): 1188–95.

Green AR , Carney DR , Pallin DJ Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2007; 22(9): 1231–38.

Krisberg K . Medical schools integrate health disparity education across curriculum. AAMC Reporter. https://www.aamc.org/newsroom/reporter/june2013/346366/health-disparity.html. Accessed August 26, 2013.

World Health Organization, Department of Gender, Women and Health. Ten facts on women's health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011.

United Nations Population Fund. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990-2010. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012.

UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA/Population Division. Levels and trends in child mortality. New York: United Nations Children's Fund; 2011.

Hannum E , Buchmann C . Global educational expansion and socio-economic development: an assessment of findings from the social sciences. World Dev. 2005; 33(3): 333–54.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Implementation guidance on data collection standards for race, ethnicity, sex, primary language, and disability status. http://aspe.hhs.gov/datacncl/standards/ACA/4302/index.shtml. Accessed August 26, 2013.