In this study, determinants of expenditures are estimated for downhill skiers, backpackers, snowmobilers and general visitors to the Swedish mountain region. The study is based on a national sample of mountain visitors. It is shown that duration of stay, household income, choice of activity, occupation, participation in an organized trip and choice of accommodation have an effect on expenditures at the destination, while gender, mode of travel, distance and ‘significance of activity’ are additional determinants of expenditures outside the destination. The study will contribute to our understanding of the economic values associated with the future development of mountain tourism, including values beyond primary expenditures.
AgarwalV.B.YochumG.R. (1999), ‘Tourist spending and race of visitors’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 38, pp 173–176.
2.
BjornstadD.J.KahnJ.R. (1996), The Contingent Valuation of Environmental Resources, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
3.
BuckleyR.V.PickeringC.M.WarnkenJ. (2000), ‘Environmental management for alpine tourism and resorts in Australia’, in GoddeP.M.PriceM.F.ZimmermannF.M., eds, Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
4.
CannonT.F.FordJ. (2002), ‘Relationship of demographic and trip characteristics to visitor spending: An analysis of sports travel visitors across time’, Tourism Economics, Vol 8, No 3, pp 263–271.
5.
CordellH.K. (2004), Outdoor Recreation for 21st Century America. A Report to the Nation: The National Survey on Recreation and the Environment, Venture Publishing, State College, PA.
6.
Díaz-PérezF.M.Bethencourt-CejasM.Álvarez-GonzálesJ.A. (2005), ‘The segmentation of Canary Island tourism markets by expenditure: Implications for tourism policy’, Tourism Management, Vol 26, No 6, pp 961–964.
7.
DownwardP.LumsdonL. (2000), ‘The demand for day-visits: An analysis of visitor spending’, Tourism Economics, Vol 6, No 3, pp 251–261.
8.
DownwardP.LumsdonL. (2003), ‘Beyond the demand for day-visits: An analysis of visitor spending’, Tourism Economics, Vol 9, No 1, pp 67–76.
9.
DownwardP.LumsdonL. (2004), ‘Tourism transport and visitor spending: A study in the North York Moors National Park’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 42, pp 415–420.
10.
FishM.WaggleD. (1996), ‘Current income versus total expenditure measures in regression models of vacation and pleasure travel’, Journal of Travel Research, Fall, pp 70–74.
FramkeW. (2002), ‘The destination as a concept: A discussion of the business-related perspective versus the socio-cultural approach in tourism theory’, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, Vol 2, No 2, pp 92–108.
13.
FredmanP.HeberleinT.A. (2003), ‘Changes in skiing and snowmobiling in Swedish mountains’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 30, No 2, pp 485–488.
14.
FredmanP.HeberleinT. (2005), ‘Visits to the Swedish mountains: Constraints and motivations’, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, Vol 5, No 3, pp 177–192.
15.
FredmanP.EmmelinL.HeberleinT.A.VuorioT. (2001), ‘Tourism in the Swedish mountain region’, in SahlbergB., ed, Going North, Report R 2001:6, European Tourism Research Institute, Östersund.
16.
GarrodG.WillisK.G. (1999), Economic Valuation of the Environment. Methods and Case Studies, Edward Elgar Publishing, Massachusetts, MA.
17.
GoddeP.M.PriceM.F.ZimmermannF.M. (2000), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
18.
GreeneW.H. (1997), Econometric Analysis, Third edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
19.
HeberleinT.A.FredmanP.VuorioT. (2002), ‘Current tourism patterns in the Swedish mountain region’, Mountain Research and Development, Vol 22, No 2, pp 142–149.
20.
HudsonS. (2003), Sport and Adventure Tourism, Haworth Hospitality Press, New York.
21.
KlenoskyD.B. (2002), ‘The “pull” of tourism destinations: A means–end investigation’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 40, pp 385–395.
22.
LeeC.-K.VarT.BlaineT.W. (1996), ‘Determinants of inbound tourism expenditures’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 23, No 3, pp 527–542.
23.
LindbergK. (2001), ‘Economic impacts’, in WeaverD.B., ed, The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism, CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
LundmarkL. (2005), ‘Economic restructuring into tourism in the Swedish mountain range’, Scandinavian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, Vol 5, No 1, pp 23–45.
26.
LundmarkL.FredmanP.SandellK. (2006), ‘The role of National Parks and protected areas for labour market restructuring: From forest sector employment for tourism, forestry and forest sector employment in Swedish mountain municipalities’, in LundmarkL., ed, Restructuring and Employment Change in Sparsely Populated Areas: Examples from Northern Sweden and Finland, Department of Social and Economic Geography, University of Umeå, GERUM, 2006:2.
27.
MakJ. (2004), Tourism and the Economy. Understanding the Economics of Tourism, University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, HI.
28.
MitchellR.C.CarsonR.T. (1989), Using Surveys to Value Public Goods. The Contingent Valuation Method, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
NogawaH.YamaguchiY.YumikoH. (1996), ‘An empirical research study on Japanese sport tourism in sport-for-all events: Case studies of a single night event and a multiple night event’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 35, No 2, pp 46–54.
RylanderR.G.PropstD.B.McMurtryT.R. (1995), ‘Non-response and recall biases in a survey of traveler spending’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 33, No 4, pp 39–45.
36.
SuhY.K.McAvoyL. (2005), ‘Preferences and trip expenditures – a conjoint analysis of visitors to Seoul, Korea’, Tourism Management, Vol 26, pp 325–333.
37.
TaylorD.T.FletcherR.R.ClabaughT. (1993), ‘A comparison of characteristics, regional expenditures, and economic impact of visitors to historical sites with other recreational visitors’, Journal of Travel Research, Summer, pp 30–35.
38.
TeiglandJ. (2000), Nordmenns friluftsliv og naturopplevelser. Et faktagrunnlag fra en panelstudie av langtidsendringer 1986–1999, VF-rapport 7/2000, Western Norway Research Institute, Sogndal.
39.
ThomsonD.B.A.PriceM.F.GalbraithC.A. (2005), Mountains of Northern Europe. Conservation, Management, People and Nature, Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh.
40.
UybersT.H. (2003), ‘Modelling short break holiday destination choices’, Tourism Economics, Vol 9, No 4, pp 389–405.
41.
WeiermairK.PetersM.SchipflingerM. (1996), Alpine Tourism. Sustainability: Reconsidered and Redesigned, Proceedings of the International Conference at the University of Innsbruck, May 1996. ITS- Series: Studies in Tourism and Service Industry. Series 3: Tourism Development.
