To improve the stability of pectin-oligochitosan hydrogel microcapsules under physiological conditions.
Methods
Two different approaches were examined: change of the cross-linker length and treatment of the hydrogel microcapsules with 150 Mm CaCl2. Replacement of pectin with alginate was also studied.
Results and Conclusions
It was observed that the molecular weight of the cross-linker oligochiotsan had no significant improvement on microcapsule stability. On the other hand, the treatment of pectin-oligochitosan microcapsules with Ca2+ increased the microcapsule stability significantly. Different types of alginate were used; however, no red-blood-cell-shaped microcapsules could be produced, which is likely due to the charge-density difference between deprotonated pectin and alginate polymers.
Diez-SilvaM., DaoM., HanJ., LimC.T., SureshS.. Shape and Bio-mechanical Characteristics of Human Red Blood Cells in Health and Disease.MRS Bull.2010; 35(5): 382–388.
3.
SosaJ.M., NielsenN.D., VignesS.M., ChenT.G., ShevkoplyasS.S.. The relationship between red blood cell deformability metrics and perfusion of an artificial microvascular network.Clin Hemorheol Microcirc.2014; 57(3): 275–289.
4.
ChenJ.Y., ScerboM., KramerG.. A review of blood substitutes: examining the history, clinical trial results, and ethics of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.Clinics (Sao Paulo).2009; 64(8): 803–813.
5.
WangY., WangL., YuW.. A PEGylated bovine hemoglobin as a potent hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier.Biotechnol Prog. DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2380.
6.
SchaerD.J., BuehlerP.W., AlayashAl, BelcherJ.D., VercellottiG.M.. Hemolysis and free hemoglobin revisited: exploring hemoglobin and hemin scavengers as a novel class of therapeutic proteins.Blood.2013; 121(8): 1276–1284.
7.
SheS., LiQ., ShanB., TongW., GaoC.. Fabrication of red-blood-cell-like polyelectrolyte microcapsules and their deformation and recovery behavior through a microcapillary.Adv Mater.2013; 25(40): 5814–5818.
8.
ChangT.M.. Therapeutic applications of polymeric artificial cells.Nat Rev Drug Discov.2005; 4(3): 221–235.
9.
DoshiN., ZahrA.S., BhaskarS., LahannJ., MitragotriS.. Red blood cell-mimicking synthetic biomaterial particles.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2009; 106(51): 21495–21499.
10.
GaoW., BianY., ChangT.M.. Novel Nanodimension artificial red blood cells that act as O2 and CO2 carrier with enhanced antioxidant activity: PLA-PEG nanoencapsulated PolySFHb-superoxide dismutase-catalase-carbonic anhydrase.Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol.2013; 41(4): 232–239.
KawaguchiA.T., OkamotoY., KiseY., TakekoshiS., MurayamaC., MakuuchiH.. Effects of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin on gastric wound healing in the rat.Artif Organs.2014; 38(8): 641–649.
13.
MurayamaC., KawaguchiA.T., KamijoA.. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin enhances chemotherapy to suppress metastasis in mice.Artif Organs.2014; 38(8): 656–661.
SimoniJ.. New approaches in commercial development of artificial oxygen carriers.Artif Organs.2014; 38(8): 621–624.
16.
YadavV.R., NagO., AwasthiV.. Biological evaluation of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin surface-modified with a novel PEGylated nonphospholipid amphiphile.Artif Organs.2014; 38(8): 625–633.
17.
SouK., KlipperR., GoinsB., TsuchidaE., PhillipsW.T.. Circulation kinetics and organ distribution of Hb-vesicles developed as a red blood cell substitute.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2005; 312(2): 702–709.
18.
RaoL., BuL.L., XuJ.H.. Red Blood Cell Membrane as a Biomimetic Nanocoating for Prolonged Circulation Time and Reduced Accelerated Blood Clearance.Small.2015; 111(46): 6225–6236.
19.
CrouseJ.Z., MahutaK.M., MikulskiB.A.. Development of a microscale red blood cell-shaped pectin-oligochitosan hydrogel system using an electrospray-vibration method: preparation and characterization.J Appl Biomater Funct Mater.2015; 13(4): e301–e388.
20.
HarvestineJ.N., MilulskiB.A., MahutaK.M.. A Novel Red-Blood-Cell-Shaped Pectin-Oligochitosan Hydrogel System.Part Part Syst Charact.2014; 31(9): 955–959.
21.
ZhangW., MahutaK.M., MikulskiB.A.. Novel pectin-based carriers for colonic drug delivery.Pharm Dev Technol.2016; 21(1): 127–130.
22.
MaT., ZhuL., YangY.. Enhanced in vivo survival of Schwann cells by a synthetic oxygen carrier promotes sciatic nerve regeneration and functional recovery.J Tissue Eng Regen Med.2016.
23.
ZhangW.. Encapsulation of Transgenic Cells for Gene Therapy.Gene Therapy - Principles and Challenges, ed. HashadD.D.. 2015: InTech.
24.
AgarwalP., ZhaoS., BieleckiP.. One-step microfluidic generation of pre-hatching embryo-like core-shell microcapsules for miniaturized 3D culture of pluripotent stem cells.Lab Chip.2013; 13(23): 4525–4533.
25.
ZhangW., ZhaoS., HeX.. Proliferation and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Encapsulated in Miniaturized 3D Core of Alginate-Chitosan-Alginate (ACA) Microcapsules.Arch Stem Cell Res.2015; 2(1): 1004.
26.
ZhangW., ZhaoS., RaoW.. A Novel Core-Shell Microcapsule for Encapsulation and 3D Culture of Embryonic Stem Cells.J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med.2013; 1: 1002–1009.
27.
ZhaoS., AgarwalP., RaoW.. Coaxial electrospray of liquid core-hydrogel shell microcapsules for encapsulation and miniaturized 3D culture of pluripotent stem cells.Integr Biol (Camb).2014; 6(9): 874–884.
28.
SwaminathanR.. Handbook of Clinical Biochemistry.2nd ed.World Scientific Publishing; 2011.
29.
Feijoo-SiotaL., Rosa-Dos-SantosF., de MiguelT., VillaT.G.. Biodegradation of Naphthalene by Pseudomonas stutzeri in Marine Environments: Testing Cells Entrapment in Calcium Alginate for Use in Water Detoxification.Bioremediat J.2008; 12(4): 185–192.
30.
Abang ZaideD.N., MeyerA.S.. Biocatalytic cross-linking of pectic polysaccharides for designed food functionality: Structures, mechanisms, and reactions.Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology.2012; 1(3): 207–219.
31.
RajaramA., SchreyerD.J., ChenD.X.. Use of the polycation polyethyleneimine to improve the physical properties of alginatehyaluronic acid hydrogel during fabrication of tissue repair scaffolds.J Biomater Sci Polym Ed.2015; 26(7): 433–445.
